2024年IOAA理论第5题-宇宙微波背景
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英文题目
T5. CMB (10 points)
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is radiation emitted during the early Universe. It is reasonably homogeneous and isotropic, and well described by a black-body radiation spectrum. Its emission spectrum today has a peak at a temperature of approximately $$T_{\text{today}} \sim 3\ \text{K}$$, as measured by the COBE satellite FIRAS instrument.
(a) (3 points) What is the redshift ($$z$$) at which the CMB spectrum has a peak at the infrared wavelength of $$\lambda_{\text{IR}} \sim 0.1\ \text{mm}$$?
(b) (7 points) By assuming a spatially flat, matter-dominated Universe, what is the age of the Universe corresponding to the redshift of the previous part?
中文翻译
T5. 宇宙微波背景(10分)
宇宙微波背景(CMB)是早期宇宙发出的辐射。它具有较好的均匀性和各向同性,并能用黑体辐射谱很好地描述。根据COBE卫星FIRAS仪器的测量,其当前发射谱的峰值温度约为$$T_{\text{today}} \sim 3\ \text{K}$$。
(a) (3分) 当CMB光谱的红外波段峰值波长为$$\lambda_{\text{IR}} \sim 0.1\ \text{毫米}$$时,对应的红移$$z$$是多少?
(b) (7分) 假设宇宙是空间平坦且物质主导的,计算对应上述红移时宇宙的年龄。
官方解答
(a) 解答:
根据维恩位移定律:
$$\lambda_{\text{today}} \cdot T_{\text{today}} = b$$
其中$$b$$为维恩位移常数。已知当前CMB的峰值温度$$T_{\text{today}} \approx 3\ \text{K}$$,对应的波长为:
$$\lambda_{\text{today}} \approx \frac{b}{T_{\text{today}}} \approx 1\ \text{毫米}$$
当该波长在红移$$z$$下对应于红外波长$$0.1\ \text{毫米}$$时:
$$1 + z = \frac{\lambda_{\text{today}}}{\lambda_{\text{IR}}} = \frac{1\ \text{毫米}}{0.1\ \text{毫米}} = 10$$
因此,红移为:
$$\boxed{z = 9}$$
(b) 解答:
对于物质主导的平坦宇宙,尺度因子$$a$$与红移的关系为:
$$a = \frac{1}{1+z} = 0.1$$
哈勃参数满足:
$$H^2 = H_0^2 \left( \frac{\Omega_m}{a^3} \right)$$
在纯物质主导的假设下($$\Omega_m = 1$$),宇宙年龄的积分表达式为:
$$t = \frac{1}{H_0} \int_0^{0.1} \frac{\sqrt{a}}{1} da = \frac{1}{H_0} \cdot \frac{2}{3} a^{3/2} \bigg|_0^{0.1}$$
代入哈勃常数$$H_0 = 70\ \text{km/s/Mpc}$$,并转换单位后计算得:
$$t \approx \frac{2 \times (0.1)^{3/2}}{3 \times 70} \times \frac{3.086 \times 10^{22}\ \text{m/Mpc}}{1000\ \text{m/s}}$$
结果为:
$$\boxed{t \approx 0.3\ \text{Gyr}}$$