<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="zh-Hans-CN">
	<id>https://www.astro-init.top/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Astro+Yuan</id>
	<title>astro-init - 用户贡献 [zh-cn]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://www.astro-init.top/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Astro+Yuan"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan"/>
	<updated>2026-08-02T07:18:45Z</updated>
	<subtitle>用户贡献</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.32.2</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%A6&amp;diff=3120</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第三题-星震学</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%A6&amp;diff=3120"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T02:18:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
'''（20 分）'''在类太阳恒星的星震学研究中，恒星内部的声波振荡（p-模式）呈现出规则的频率分布。我们可以通过两个关键的观测参数来描述这种振动特征：（1）大频率间隔（$$\Delta \nu$$）：相邻阶数径向模之间的频率间隔，与恒星的平均密度平方根成正比；（2）频率最大功率对应的频率（$$\nu_{max}$$）：振荡功率谱包络的峰值频率，与恒星的表面重力和有效温度相关。这两个星震学参数在类太阳恒星中满足经典的标度关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;\[\frac{\Delta \nu}{\Delta \nu_{\odot}} = \sqrt{\frac{\bar{\rho}}{\bar{\rho}_{\odot}}}\]&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;\[\frac{\nu_{max}}{\nu_{max,\odot}} = \frac{g}{g_{\odot}} (\frac{T_{eff}}{T_{eff,\odot}})^{-0.5}\]&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
方程中下标$$\odot$$代表太阳的参数，本题中使用的太阳参数包括：$$\Delta \nu_{\odot}=135.1\mu Hz$$，$$\nu_{max,\odot}=3090 \mu Hz$$。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
现有一颗类太阳恒星的观测参数如下：$$\Delta \nu=105.0\mu Hz$$，$$\nu_{max}=2200\mu Hz$$，$$T_{eff}=5600 K$$，视热星等$$m_{bol}=7.0 mag$$，请依据上述条件做如下计算：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）请推导恒星半径$$ R $$与星震学参数（$$\Delta \nu$$，$$\nu_{max}$$）的关系，并计算恒星半径（以太阳半径$$ R_{\odot} $$为单位）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（2）计算恒星的绝对热星等。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）推测恒星的距离，并讨论实际观测距离与计算距离之间的关系。&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(1) 平均密度 $$\bar{\rho} = \frac{M}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3} \propto \frac{M}{R^3}$$，由题中标度关系 $$\frac{\Delta\nu}{\Delta\nu_\odot} = \sqrt{\frac{\bar{\rho}}{\bar{\rho}_\odot}}$$，两边平方得：&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$\left(\frac{\Delta\nu}{\Delta\nu_\odot}\right)^2 = \frac{M/M_\odot}{(R/R_\odot)^3}$$&lt;br /&gt;
整理得质量的标度表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
$$\frac{M}{M_\odot} = \left(\frac{\Delta\nu}{\Delta\nu_\odot}\right)^2 \cdot \left(\frac{R}{R_\odot}\right)^3 \tag{1}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
表面重力 $$g = \frac{GM}{R^2} \propto \frac{M}{R^2}$$，即 $$\frac{g}{g_\odot} = \frac{M/M_\odot}{(R/R_\odot)^2}$$。&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;代入题中 $$\nu_{max}\) 的标度关系 \(\frac{\nu_{max}}{\nu_{max,\odot}} = \frac{g}{g_\odot} \cdot \left(\frac{T_{eff}}{T_{eff,\odot}}\right)^{-0.5}\)，整理得：&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;\(\frac{M}{M_\odot} = \frac{\nu_{max}}{\nu_{max,\odot}} \cdot \left(\frac{T_{eff}}{T_{eff,\odot}}\right)^{0.5} \cdot \left(\frac{R}{R_\odot}\right)^2 \tag{2}\)&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:天体力学]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3110</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3110"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T01:50:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
星等是天文学观测中基本的参数。其中视星等对应从地球观测到的亮度（受距离影响），绝对星等对应着把天体放在$$32.6$$光年（$$10$$秒差距）标准距离处的亮度，反映真实光度。（提示：$$1\text{Å}=10^{-8}\text{cm}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）距离太阳最近的恒星是比邻星，其周年视差是$$0.7687$$角秒；根据比邻星的视星等$$11.13$$，请问其绝对星等是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;（2）在AB星等系统下，“单色”视星等$$m$$可以用流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$来表示，流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$为特定频率$$\nu$$处单位频率间隔内的辐射流量（即单位面积的辐射功率），表示为$$m=-2.5\log_{10}\frac{f_{\nu}}{3631 \text{ Jy}}$$，其中$$1\text{ Jy}=10^{-26}\text{ W Hz}^{-1}\text{m}^{-2}=10^{-23}\text{ erg s}^{-1}\text{Hz}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$（cgs单位下），$$3631$$央斯基（$$Jy$$）为零点。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
请用波长$$\lambda$$和流量密度$$f_{\lambda}$$（特定波长$$\lambda$$处单位波长间隔内的辐射流量）表示流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$，注意推导过程要引入单位，最终表达式中，$$f_{\nu}$$以$$Jy$$为单位，流量密度$$f_{\lambda}以\text{erg s}^{-1}\text{Å}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$为单位，波长$$\lambda$$以埃米$$Å$$为单位。（提示：$$\nu f_{\nu}=\lambda f_{\lambda}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）宇宙中的发光天体，除了像恒星这样的点光源，还有星系等具有一定形状的扩展源天体。衡量这种扩展源的亮度，除了使用总星等$$m$$，还通常引用表面亮度$$\mu$$，即扩展的物体表面一块标准尺寸的亮度，其单位通常是每平方角秒的星等（$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$）。如果某一频率范围的辐射流量F（流量密度之和）对应星等$$m=-2.5\log_{10}F+ZP$$（单位为$$mag$$），其中$$ZP$$是受到多种因素（仪器系统、地球大气等）影响的常数，那么表面亮度为$$\mu=m+2.5\log_{10}S$$（单位为$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$），其中S为视（角）面积（单位是$$\text{arcsec}^2$$）。假如扩展源沿着视线方向移动，请问其表面亮度随着径向距离的变化如何变化？请结合公式推导说明。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
（1）由周年视差计算距离，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
周年视差π (&amp;quot;)与天体距离d（pc）满足关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{π}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$π=0.7687&amp;quot;$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{0.7687} \approx 1.301\ \text{pc}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
利用距离模数公式求绝对星等，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
视星等$$m$$与绝对星等$$M$$的距离模数公式为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m - M = 5\lg d - 5$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
变形得绝对星等表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = m + 5 - 5\lg d$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$m=11.13$$、$$d\approx1.301\ \text{pc}$$，其中$$\lg1.301\approx0.1143$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = 11.13 + 5 - 5\times0.1143 \approx 15.56$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2)根据辐射能量守恒，频率间隔$$\mathrm{d}\nu$$与对应波长间隔$$\mathrm{d}\lambda$$内的辐射流量相等，即 $$f_\nu \mathrm{d}\nu = f_\lambda \mathrm{d}\lambda$$，因此$$f_\nu$$的取值由$$f_\lambda$$、波长$$\lambda$$和光速$$c$$共同决定。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
我们通过量纲分析推导函数形式。定义基本量纲：能量$$[E]$$、时间$$[T]$$、长度$$[L]$$，各物理量的量纲为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\nu$$（单位频率流量密度）：量纲为 $$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-2}\cdot[T] = [E]\cdot[L]^{-2}$$（除以频率等价于乘以时间）&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\lambda$$（单位波长流量密度）：量纲为 $$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-2}\cdot[L]^{-1} = [E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-3}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*波长$$\lambda$$：量纲为$$[L]$$&lt;br /&gt;
*光速$$c$$：量纲为$$[L]\cdot[T]^{-1}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
设幂律形式 $$f_\nu = k \cdot f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^a \cdot c^b$$（k为无量纲常数），将量纲代入等式两边：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*左边量纲：$$[E]\cdot[L]^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*右边量纲：$$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-3} \cdot [L]^a \cdot [L]^b\cdot[T]^{-b} = [E]\cdot[T]^{-1-b}\cdot[L]^{-3+a+b}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
根据量纲一致性，两边各基本量纲的指数相等：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*时间量纲：$$-1-b = 0 \implies b=-1$$&lt;br /&gt;
*长度量纲：$$-3+a+b = -2$$，代入$$b=-1$$得$$a=2$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
因此得到函数形式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$f_\nu = k \cdot \frac{f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^2}{c}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
由能量守恒的物理关系可知无量纲常数$$k=1$$，即 $$f_\nu = \frac{f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^2}{c}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
题目约定的单位：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\lambda$$单位：$$\mathrm{erg}\cdot\mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{Å}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*$$\lambda$$单位：$$\mathrm{Å}\)，且$$1\ \mathrm{Å}=10^{-8}\ \mathrm{cm}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;光速$$c=3\times10^{10}\ \mathrm{cm\cdot s^{-1}}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\nu$$ 目标单位：$$\mathrm{Jy}$$，且$$1\ \mathrm{Jy}=10^{-23}\ \mathrm{erg}\cdot\mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{Hz}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
先将所有物理量统一为 cgs 单位计算$$f_\nu$$的物理量值：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#波长转换：$$\lambda(\mathrm{cm}) = \lambda_\mathrm{Å} \times 10^{-8}$$，因此$$\lambda^2(\mathrm{cm^2}) = \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2 \times 10^{-16}$$&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$f_\lambda$$单位转换：$$1\ \mathrm{Å}^{-1}=10^8\ \mathrm{cm}^{-1}$$，因此$$f_\lambda(\mathrm{cgs}) = f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \times 10^8\ \mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot cm^{-3}}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$\begin{align*} f_\nu\ (\mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot Hz^{-1}\cdot cm^{-2}}) &amp;amp;= \frac{f_\lambda(\mathrm{cgs}) \cdot \lambda(\mathrm{cm})^2}{c} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{(f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \times 10^8) \times (\lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2 \times 10^{-16})}{3\times10^{10}} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \cdot \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2}{3\times10^{18}} \end{align*}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
再转换为$$\mathrm{Jy}$$单位：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$\begin{align*} f_\nu\ (\mathrm{Jy}) &amp;amp;= \frac{f_\nu\ (\mathrm{cgs})}{10^{-23}} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \cdot \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2}{3\times10^{18}} \times 10^{23} \\ &amp;amp;= \boldsymbol{\frac{10^5}{3} \cdot \lambda^2 f_\lambda \approx 3.33\times10^4 \cdot \lambda^2 f_\lambda} \end{align*}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;其中$$\lambda$$以$$\mathrm{Å}$$为单位，$$f_\lambda$$以$$\mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot Å^{-1}\cdot cm^{-2}}$$为单位，$$f_\nu$$以$$\mathrm{Jy}$$为单位。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)总星等与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
总辐射流量$$F$$遵循平方反比定律，与径向距离$$d$$的平方成反比：$$F \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入星等定义$$m = -2.5\lg F + ZP$$，得：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m = -2.5\lg\left(\frac{C}{d^2}\right) + ZP = 5\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
即总星等随距离增大而数值增加（天体整体变暗）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
角面积与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
扩展源的固有线大小D不随距离变化，其角直径$$\theta \propto \frac{D}{d}$$，因此角面积$$S \propto \theta^2 \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$，即：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$S = \frac{K}{d^2} \implies \lg S = -2\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
距离越远，扩展源的角面积越小。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
表面亮度的合成:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
将上述两式代入表面亮度定义$$\mu = m + 2.5\lg S$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$\begin{align*}\mu &amp;amp;= \left(5\lg d + C_1\right) + 2.5\times\left(-2\lg d + C_2\right) \\&amp;amp;= 5\lg d + C_1 -5\lg d + 2.5C_2 \\&amp;amp;= \text{常数}\end{align*}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3108</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3108"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T01:35:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
星等是天文学观测中基本的参数。其中视星等对应从地球观测到的亮度（受距离影响），绝对星等对应着把天体放在$$32.6$$光年（$$10$$秒差距）标准距离处的亮度，反映真实光度。（提示：$$1\text{Å}=10^{-8}\text{cm}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）距离太阳最近的恒星是比邻星，其周年视差是$$0.7687$$角秒；根据比邻星的视星等$$11.13$$，请问其绝对星等是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;（2）在AB星等系统下，“单色”视星等$$m$$可以用流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$来表示，流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$为特定频率$$\nu$$处单位频率间隔内的辐射流量（即单位面积的辐射功率），表示为$$m=-2.5\log_{10}\frac{f_{\nu}}{3631 \text{ Jy}}$$，其中$$1\text{ Jy}=10^{-26}\text{ W Hz}^{-1}\text{m}^{-2}=10^{-23}\text{ erg s}^{-1}\text{Hz}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$（cgs单位下），$$3631$$央斯基（$$Jy$$）为零点。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
请用波长$$\lambda$$和流量密度$$f_{\lambda}$$（特定波长$$\lambda$$处单位波长间隔内的辐射流量）表示流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$，注意推导过程要引入单位，最终表达式中，$$f_{\nu}$$以$$Jy$$为单位，流量密度$$f_{\lambda}以\text{erg s}^{-1}\text{Å}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$为单位，波长$$\lambda$$以埃米$$Å$$为单位。（提示：$$\nu f_{\nu}=\lambda f_{\lambda}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）宇宙中的发光天体，除了像恒星这样的点光源，还有星系等具有一定形状的扩展源天体。衡量这种扩展源的亮度，除了使用总星等$$m$$，还通常引用表面亮度$$\mu$$，即扩展的物体表面一块标准尺寸的亮度，其单位通常是每平方角秒的星等（$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$）。如果某一频率范围的辐射流量F（流量密度之和）对应星等$$m=-2.5\log_{10}F+ZP$$（单位为$$mag$$），其中$$ZP$$是受到多种因素（仪器系统、地球大气等）影响的常数，那么表面亮度为$$\mu=m+2.5\log_{10}S$$（单位为$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$），其中S为视（角）面积（单位是$$\text{arcsec}^2$$）。假如扩展源沿着视线方向移动，请问其表面亮度随着径向距离的变化如何变化？请结合公式推导说明。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
（1）由周年视差计算距离，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
周年视差π (&amp;quot;)与天体距离d（pc）满足关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{π}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$π=0.7687&amp;quot;$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{0.7687} \approx 1.301\ \text{pc}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
利用距离模数公式求绝对星等，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
视星等$$m$$与绝对星等$$M$$的距离模数公式为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m - M = 5\lg d - 5$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
变形得绝对星等表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = m + 5 - 5\lg d$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$m=11.13$$、$$d\approx1.301\ \text{pc}$$，其中$$\lg1.301\approx0.1143$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = 11.13 + 5 - 5\times0.1143 \approx 15.56$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2)根据辐射能量守恒，频率间隔$$\mathrm{d}\nu$$与对应波长间隔$$\mathrm{d}\lambda$$内的辐射流量相等，即 $$f_\nu \mathrm{d}\nu = f_\lambda \mathrm{d}\lambda$$，因此$$f_\nu\)的取值由\(f_\lambda$$、波长$$\lambda$$和光速$$c$$共同决定。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
我们通过量纲分析推导函数形式。定义基本量纲：能量$$[E]$$、时间$$[T]$$、长度$$[L]$$，各物理量的量纲为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\nu$$（单位频率流量密度）：量纲为 $$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-2}\cdot[T] = [E]\cdot[L]^{-2}$$（除以频率等价于乘以时间）&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\lambda$$（单位波长流量密度）：量纲为 $$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-2}\cdot[L]^{-1} = [E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-3}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*波长$$\lambda$$：量纲为$$[L]$$&lt;br /&gt;
*光速$$c$$：量纲为$$[L]\cdot[T]^{-1}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
设幂律形式 $$f_\nu = k \cdot f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^a \cdot c^b$$（k为无量纲常数），将量纲代入等式两边：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*左边量纲：$$[E]\cdot[L]^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*右边量纲：$$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-3} \cdot [L]^a \cdot [L]^b\cdot[T]^{-b} = [E]\cdot[T]^{-1-b}\cdot[L]^{-3+a+b}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
根据量纲一致性，两边各基本量纲的指数相等：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*时间量纲：$$-1-b = 0 \implies b=-1$$&lt;br /&gt;
*长度量纲：$$-3+a+b = -2$$，代入$$b=-1$$得$$a=2$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
因此得到函数形式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$f_\nu = k \cdot \frac{f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^2}{c}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
由能量守恒的物理关系可知无量纲常数$$k=1$$，即 $$f_\nu = \frac{f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^2}{c}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
题目约定的单位：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\lambda$$单位：$$\mathrm{erg}\cdot\mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{Å}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*$$\lambda$$单位：$$\mathrm{Å}\)，且$$1\ \mathrm{Å}=10^{-8}\ \mathrm{cm}$$&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;光速$$c=3\times10^{10}\ \mathrm{cm\cdot s^{-1}}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*$$f_\nu$$ 目标单位：$$\mathrm{Jy}$$，且$$1\ \mathrm{Jy}=10^{-23}\ \mathrm{erg}\cdot\mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{Hz}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
先将所有物理量统一为 cgs 单位计算$$f_\nu$$的物理量值：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#波长转换：$$\lambda(\mathrm{cm}) = \lambda_\mathrm{Å} \times 10^{-8}$$，因此$$\lambda^2(\mathrm{cm^2}) = \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2 \times 10^{-16}$$&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$f_\lambda$$单位转换：$$1\ \mathrm{Å}^{-1}=10^8\ \mathrm{cm}^{-1}$$，因此$$f_\lambda(\mathrm{cgs}) = f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \times 10^8\ \mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot cm^{-3}}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$\begin{align*} f_\nu\ (\mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot Hz^{-1}\cdot cm^{-2}}) &amp;amp;= \frac{f_\lambda(\mathrm{cgs}) \cdot \lambda(\mathrm{cm})^2}{c} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{(f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \times 10^8) \times (\lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2 \times 10^{-16})}{3\times10^{10}} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \cdot \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2}{3\times10^{18}} \end{align*}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
再转换为$$\mathrm{Jy}$$单位：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$\begin{align*} f_\nu\ (\mathrm{Jy}) &amp;amp;= \frac{f_\nu\ (\mathrm{cgs})}{10^{-23}} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \cdot \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2}{3\times10^{18}} \times 10^{23} \\ &amp;amp;= \boldsymbol{\frac{10^5}{3} \cdot \lambda^2 f_\lambda \approx 3.33\times10^4 \cdot \lambda^2 f_\lambda} \end{align*}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;其中$$\lambda$$以$$\mathrm{Å}$$为单位，$$f_\lambda$$以$$\mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot Å^{-1}\cdot cm^{-2}}$$为单位，$$f_\nu$$以$$\mathrm{Jy}$$为单位。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)总星等与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
总辐射流量$$F$$遵循平方反比定律，与径向距离$$d$$的平方成反比：$$F \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入星等定义$$m = -2.5\lg F + ZP$$，得：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m = -2.5\lg\left(\frac{C}{d^2}\right) + ZP = 5\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
即总星等随距离增大而数值增加（天体整体变暗）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
角面积与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
扩展源的固有线大小D不随距离变化，其角直径$$\theta \propto \frac{D}{d}$$，因此角面积$$S \propto \theta^2 \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$，即：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$S = \frac{K}{d^2} \implies \lg S = -2\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
距离越远，扩展源的角面积越小。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
表面亮度的合成:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
将上述两式代入表面亮度定义$$\mu = m + 2.5\lg S$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$\begin{align*}\mu &amp;amp;= \left(5\lg d + C_1\right) + 2.5\times\left(-2\lg d + C_2\right) \\&amp;amp;= 5\lg d + C_1 -5\lg d + 2.5C_2 \\&amp;amp;= \text{常数}\end{align*}$$&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3105</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3105"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T01:26:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
星等是天文学观测中基本的参数。其中视星等对应从地球观测到的亮度（受距离影响），绝对星等对应着把天体放在$$32.6$$光年（$$10$$秒差距）标准距离处的亮度，反映真实光度。（提示：$$1\text{Å}=10^{-8}\text{cm}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）距离太阳最近的恒星是比邻星，其周年视差是$$0.7687$$角秒；根据比邻星的视星等$$11.13$$，请问其绝对星等是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;（2）在AB星等系统下，“单色”视星等$$m$$可以用流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$来表示，流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$为特定频率$$\nu$$处单位频率间隔内的辐射流量（即单位面积的辐射功率），表示为$$m=-2.5\log_{10}\frac{f_{\nu}}{3631 \text{ Jy}}$$，其中$$1\text{ Jy}=10^{-26}\text{ W Hz}^{-1}\text{m}^{-2}=10^{-23}\text{ erg s}^{-1}\text{Hz}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$（cgs单位下），$$3631$$央斯基（$$Jy$$）为零点。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
请用波长$$\lambda$$和流量密度$$f_{\lambda}$$（特定波长$$\lambda$$处单位波长间隔内的辐射流量）表示流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$，注意推导过程要引入单位，最终表达式中，$$f_{\nu}$$以$$Jy$$为单位，流量密度$$f_{\lambda}以\text{erg s}^{-1}\text{Å}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$为单位，波长$$\lambda$$以埃米$$Å$$为单位。（提示：$$\nu f_{\nu}=\lambda f_{\lambda}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）宇宙中的发光天体，除了像恒星这样的点光源，还有星系等具有一定形状的扩展源天体。衡量这种扩展源的亮度，除了使用总星等$$m$$，还通常引用表面亮度$$\mu$$，即扩展的物体表面一块标准尺寸的亮度，其单位通常是每平方角秒的星等（$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$）。如果某一频率范围的辐射流量F（流量密度之和）对应星等$$m=-2.5\log_{10}F+ZP$$（单位为$$mag$$），其中$$ZP$$是受到多种因素（仪器系统、地球大气等）影响的常数，那么表面亮度为$$\mu=m+2.5\log_{10}S$$（单位为$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$），其中S为视（角）面积（单位是$$\text{arcsec}^2$$）。假如扩展源沿着视线方向移动，请问其表面亮度随着径向距离的变化如何变化？请结合公式推导说明。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
（1）由周年视差计算距离，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
周年视差π (&amp;quot;)与天体距离d（pc）满足关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{π}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$π=0.7687&amp;quot;$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{0.7687} \approx 1.301\ \text{pc}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
利用距离模数公式求绝对星等，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
视星等$$m$$与绝对星等$$M$$的距离模数公式为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m - M = 5\lg d - 5$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
变形得绝对星等表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = m + 5 - 5\lg d$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$m=11.13$$、$$d\approx1.301\ \text{pc}$$，其中$$\lg1.301\approx0.1143$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = 11.13 + 5 - 5\times0.1143 \approx 15.56$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2)根据辐射能量守恒，频率间隔$$\mathrm{d}\nu$$与对应波长间隔$$\mathrm{d}\lambda$$内的辐射流量相等，即 $$f_\nu \mathrm{d}\nu = f_\lambda \mathrm{d}\lambda$$，因此$$f_\nu\)的取值由\(f_\lambda$$、波长$$\lambda$$和光速$$c$$共同决定。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
我们通过量纲分析推导函数形式。定义基本量纲：能量$$[E]$$、时间$$[T]$$、长度$$[L]$$，各物理量的量纲为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* $$f_\nu$$（单位频率流量密度）：量纲为 $$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-2}\cdot[T] = [E]\cdot[L]^{-2}$$（除以频率等价于乘以时间）&lt;br /&gt;
* $$f_\lambda$$（单位波长流量密度）：量纲为 $$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-2}\cdot[L]^{-1} = [E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-3}$$&lt;br /&gt;
* 波长$$\lambda$$：量纲为$$[L]$$&lt;br /&gt;
* 光速$$c$$：量纲为$$[L]\cdot[T]^{-1}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
设幂律形式 $$f_\nu = k \cdot f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^a \cdot c^b$$（k为无量纲常数），将量纲代入等式两边：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 左边量纲：$$[E]\cdot[L]^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
* 右边量纲：$$[E]\cdot[T]^{-1}\cdot[L]^{-3} \cdot [L]^a \cdot [L]^b\cdot[T]^{-b} = [E]\cdot[T]^{-1-b}\cdot[L]^{-3+a+b}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
根据量纲一致性，两边各基本量纲的指数相等：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 时间量纲：$$-1-b = 0 \implies b=-1$$&lt;br /&gt;
* 长度量纲：$$-3+a+b = -2$$，代入$$b=-1$$得$$a=2$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
因此得到函数形式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$f_\nu = k \cdot \frac{f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^2}{c}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
由能量守恒的物理关系可知无量纲常数$$k=1$$，即 $$f_\nu = \frac{f_\lambda \cdot \lambda^2}{c}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
题目约定的单位：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* $$f_\lambda$$单位：$$\mathrm{erg}\cdot\mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{Å}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
* $$\lambda$$单位：$$\mathrm{Å}\)，且$$1\ \mathrm{Å}=10^{-8}\ \mathrm{cm}$$&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;光速$$c=3\times10^{10}\ \mathrm{cm\cdot s^{-1}}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* $$f_\nu$$ 目标单位：$$\mathrm{Jy}$$，且$$1\ \mathrm{Jy}=10^{-23}\ \mathrm{erg}\cdot\mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{Hz}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
先将所有物理量统一为 cgs 单位计算$$f_\nu$$的物理量值：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# 波长转换：$$\lambda(\mathrm{cm}) = \lambda_\mathrm{Å} \times 10^{-8}$$，因此$$\lambda^2(\mathrm{cm^2}) = \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2 \times 10^{-16}$$&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$f_\lambda$$单位转换：$$1\ \mathrm{Å}^{-1}=10^8\ \mathrm{cm}^{-1}$$，因此$$f_\lambda(\mathrm{cgs}) = f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \times 10^8\ \mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot cm^{-3}}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$\begin{align*} f_\nu\ (\mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot Hz^{-1}\cdot cm^{-2}}) &amp;amp;= \frac{f_\lambda(\mathrm{cgs}) \cdot \lambda(\mathrm{cm})^2}{c} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{(f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \times 10^8) \times (\lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2 \times 10^{-16})}{3\times10^{10}} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \cdot \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2}{3\times10^{18}} \end{align*}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
再转换为$$\mathrm{Jy}$$单位：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;$$\begin{align*} f_\nu\ (\mathrm{Jy}) &amp;amp;= \frac{f_\nu\ (\mathrm{cgs})}{10^{-23}} \\ &amp;amp;= \frac{f_{\lambda,\mathrm{Å}} \cdot \lambda_\mathrm{Å}^2}{3\times10^{18}} \times 10^{23} \\ &amp;amp;= \boldsymbol{\frac{10^5}{3} \cdot \lambda^2 f_\lambda \approx 3.33\times10^4 \cdot \lambda^2 f_\lambda} \end{align*}$$&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;其中$$\lambda$$以$$\mathrm{Å}$$为单位，$$f_\lambda$$以$$\mathrm{erg\cdot s^{-1}\cdot Å^{-1}\cdot cm^{-2}}$$为单位，$$f_\nu$$以$$\mathrm{Jy}$$为单位。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)总星等与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
总辐射流量$$F$$遵循平方反比定律，与径向距离$$d$$的平方成反比：$$F \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入星等定义$$m = -2.5\lg F + ZP$$，得：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m = -2.5\lg\left(\frac{C}{d^2}\right) + ZP = 5\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
即总星等随距离增大而数值增加（天体整体变暗）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
角面积与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
扩展源的固有线大小D不随距离变化，其角直径$$\theta \propto \frac{D}{d}$$，因此角面积$$S \propto \theta^2 \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$，即：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$S = \frac{K}{d^2} \implies \lg S = -2\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
距离越远，扩展源的角面积越小。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
表面亮度的合成:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
将上述两式代入表面亮度定义$$\mu = m + 2.5\lg S$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$\begin{align*}\mu &amp;amp;= \left(5\lg d + C_1\right) + 2.5\times\left(-2\lg d + C_2\right) \\&amp;amp;= 5\lg d + C_1 -5\lg d + 2.5C_2 \\&amp;amp;= \text{常数}\end{align*}$$&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3102</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3102"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T01:15:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 解答 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
星等是天文学观测中基本的参数。其中视星等对应从地球观测到的亮度（受距离影响），绝对星等对应着把天体放在$$32.6$$光年（$$10$$秒差距）标准距离处的亮度，反映真实光度。（提示：$$1\text{Å}=10^{-8}\text{cm}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）距离太阳最近的恒星是比邻星，其周年视差是$$0.7687$$角秒；根据比邻星的视星等$$11.13$$，请问其绝对星等是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;（2）在AB星等系统下，“单色”视星等$$m$$可以用流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$来表示，流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$为特定频率$$\nu$$处单位频率间隔内的辐射流量（即单位面积的辐射功率），表示为$$m=-2.5\log_{10}\frac{f_{\nu}}{3631 \text{ Jy}}$$，其中$$1\text{ Jy}=10^{-26}\text{ W Hz}^{-1}\text{m}^{-2}=10^{-23}\text{ erg s}^{-1}\text{Hz}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$（cgs单位下），$$3631$$央斯基（$$Jy$$）为零点。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
请用波长$$\lambda$$和流量密度$$f_{\lambda}$$（特定波长$$\lambda$$处单位波长间隔内的辐射流量）表示流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$，注意推导过程要引入单位，最终表达式中，$$f_{\nu}$$以$$Jy$$为单位，流量密度$$f_{\lambda}以\text{erg s}^{-1}\text{Å}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$为单位，波长$$\lambda$$以埃米$$Å$$为单位。（提示：$$\nu f_{\nu}=\lambda f_{\lambda}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）宇宙中的发光天体，除了像恒星这样的点光源，还有星系等具有一定形状的扩展源天体。衡量这种扩展源的亮度，除了使用总星等$$m$$，还通常引用表面亮度$$\mu$$，即扩展的物体表面一块标准尺寸的亮度，其单位通常是每平方角秒的星等（$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$）。如果某一频率范围的辐射流量F（流量密度之和）对应星等$$m=-2.5\log_{10}F+ZP$$（单位为$$mag$$），其中$$ZP$$是受到多种因素（仪器系统、地球大气等）影响的常数，那么表面亮度为$$\mu=m+2.5\log_{10}S$$（单位为$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$），其中S为视（角）面积（单位是$$\text{arcsec}^2$$）。假如扩展源沿着视线方向移动，请问其表面亮度随着径向距离的变化如何变化？请结合公式推导说明。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
（1）由周年视差计算距离，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
周年视差π (&amp;quot;)与天体距离d（pc）满足关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{π}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$π=0.7687&amp;quot;$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{0.7687} \approx 1.301\ \text{pc}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
利用距离模数公式求绝对星等，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
视星等$$m$$与绝对星等$$M$$的距离模数公式为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m - M = 5\lg d - 5$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
变形得绝对星等表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = m + 5 - 5\lg d$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$m=11.13$$、$$d\approx1.301\ \text{pc}$$，其中$$\lg1.301\approx0.1143$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = 11.13 + 5 - 5\times0.1143 \approx 15.56$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)总星等与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
总辐射流量$$F$$遵循平方反比定律，与径向距离$$d$$的平方成反比：$$F \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入星等定义$$m = -2.5\lg F + ZP$$，得：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m = -2.5\lg\left(\frac{C}{d^2}\right) + ZP = 5\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
即总星等随距离增大而数值增加（天体整体变暗）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
角面积与距离的关系:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
扩展源的固有线大小D不随距离变化，其角直径$$\theta \propto \frac{D}{d}$$，因此角面积$$S \propto \theta^2 \propto \frac{1}{d^2}$$，即：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$S = \frac{K}{d^2} \implies \lg S = -2\lg d + \text{常数}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
距离越远，扩展源的角面积越小。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
表面亮度的合成:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
将上述两式代入表面亮度定义$$\mu = m + 2.5\lg S$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$\begin{align*}\mu &amp;amp;= \left(5\lg d + C_1\right) + 2.5\times\left(-2\lg d + C_2\right) \\&amp;amp;= 5\lg d + C_1 -5\lg d + 2.5C_2 \\&amp;amp;= \text{常数}\end{align*}$$&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3101</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3101"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T01:10:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 解答 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
星等是天文学观测中基本的参数。其中视星等对应从地球观测到的亮度（受距离影响），绝对星等对应着把天体放在$$32.6$$光年（$$10$$秒差距）标准距离处的亮度，反映真实光度。（提示：$$1\text{Å}=10^{-8}\text{cm}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）距离太阳最近的恒星是比邻星，其周年视差是$$0.7687$$角秒；根据比邻星的视星等$$11.13$$，请问其绝对星等是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;（2）在AB星等系统下，“单色”视星等$$m$$可以用流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$来表示，流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$为特定频率$$\nu$$处单位频率间隔内的辐射流量（即单位面积的辐射功率），表示为$$m=-2.5\log_{10}\frac{f_{\nu}}{3631 \text{ Jy}}$$，其中$$1\text{ Jy}=10^{-26}\text{ W Hz}^{-1}\text{m}^{-2}=10^{-23}\text{ erg s}^{-1}\text{Hz}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$（cgs单位下），$$3631$$央斯基（$$Jy$$）为零点。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
请用波长$$\lambda$$和流量密度$$f_{\lambda}$$（特定波长$$\lambda$$处单位波长间隔内的辐射流量）表示流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$，注意推导过程要引入单位，最终表达式中，$$f_{\nu}$$以$$Jy$$为单位，流量密度$$f_{\lambda}以\text{erg s}^{-1}\text{Å}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$为单位，波长$$\lambda$$以埃米$$Å$$为单位。（提示：$$\nu f_{\nu}=\lambda f_{\lambda}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）宇宙中的发光天体，除了像恒星这样的点光源，还有星系等具有一定形状的扩展源天体。衡量这种扩展源的亮度，除了使用总星等$$m$$，还通常引用表面亮度$$\mu$$，即扩展的物体表面一块标准尺寸的亮度，其单位通常是每平方角秒的星等（$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$）。如果某一频率范围的辐射流量F（流量密度之和）对应星等$$m=-2.5\log_{10}F+ZP$$（单位为$$mag$$），其中$$ZP$$是受到多种因素（仪器系统、地球大气等）影响的常数，那么表面亮度为$$\mu=m+2.5\log_{10}S$$（单位为$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$），其中S为视（角）面积（单位是$$\text{arcsec}^2$$）。假如扩展源沿着视线方向移动，请问其表面亮度随着径向距离的变化如何变化？请结合公式推导说明。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
（1）由周年视差计算距离，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
周年视差π (&amp;quot;)与天体距离d（pc）满足关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{π}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$π=0.7687&amp;quot;$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{0.7687} \approx 1.301\ \text{pc}$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
利用距离模数公式求绝对星等，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
视星等$$m$$与绝对星等$$M$$的距离模数公式为：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$m - M = 5\lg d - 5$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
变形得绝对星等表达式：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = m + 5 - 5\lg d$$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$m=11.13$$、$$d\approx1.301\ \text{pc}$$，其中$$\lg1.301\approx0.1143$$：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$M = 11.13 + 5 - 5\times0.1143 \approx 15.56$$&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3100</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E9%80%89%E6%8B%94%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%A2%98-%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&amp;diff=3100"/>
		<updated>2026-07-19T01:06:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 解答 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
星等是天文学观测中基本的参数。其中视星等对应从地球观测到的亮度（受距离影响），绝对星等对应着把天体放在$$32.6$$光年（$$10$$秒差距）标准距离处的亮度，反映真实光度。（提示：$$1\text{Å}=10^{-8}\text{cm}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）距离太阳最近的恒星是比邻星，其周年视差是$$0.7687$$角秒；根据比邻星的视星等$$11.13$$，请问其绝对星等是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;（2）在AB星等系统下，“单色”视星等$$m$$可以用流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$来表示，流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$为特定频率$$\nu$$处单位频率间隔内的辐射流量（即单位面积的辐射功率），表示为$$m=-2.5\log_{10}\frac{f_{\nu}}{3631 \text{ Jy}}$$，其中$$1\text{ Jy}=10^{-26}\text{ W Hz}^{-1}\text{m}^{-2}=10^{-23}\text{ erg s}^{-1}\text{Hz}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$（cgs单位下），$$3631$$央斯基（$$Jy$$）为零点。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
请用波长$$\lambda$$和流量密度$$f_{\lambda}$$（特定波长$$\lambda$$处单位波长间隔内的辐射流量）表示流量密度$$f_{\nu}$$，注意推导过程要引入单位，最终表达式中，$$f_{\nu}$$以$$Jy$$为单位，流量密度$$f_{\lambda}以\text{erg s}^{-1}\text{Å}^{-1}\text{cm}^{-2}$$为单位，波长$$\lambda$$以埃米$$Å$$为单位。（提示：$$\nu f_{\nu}=\lambda f_{\lambda}$$）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）宇宙中的发光天体，除了像恒星这样的点光源，还有星系等具有一定形状的扩展源天体。衡量这种扩展源的亮度，除了使用总星等$$m$$，还通常引用表面亮度$$\mu$$，即扩展的物体表面一块标准尺寸的亮度，其单位通常是每平方角秒的星等（$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$）。如果某一频率范围的辐射流量F（流量密度之和）对应星等$$m=-2.5\log_{10}F+ZP$$（单位为$$mag$$），其中$$ZP$$是受到多种因素（仪器系统、地球大气等）影响的常数，那么表面亮度为$$\mu=m+2.5\log_{10}S$$（单位为$$\text{mag arcsec}^{-2}$$），其中S为视（角）面积（单位是$$\text{arcsec}^2$$）。假如扩展源沿着视线方向移动，请问其表面亮度随着径向距离的变化如何变化？请结合公式推导说明。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
（1）由周年视差计算距离，周年视差π (&amp;quot;)与天体距离d（pc）满足关系：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{π}$$&lt;br /&gt;
代入$$π=0.7687&amp;quot;$$，得：&lt;br /&gt;
$$d = \frac{1}{0.7687} \approx 1.301\ \text{pc}$$&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E9%A6%86%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=3078</id>
		<title>2019年IOAA天文馆观测第2题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E9%A6%86%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=3078"/>
		<updated>2026-07-18T01:06:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 中文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PROBLEM 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are standing somewhere on the Earth. The projected sky does not show any Solar &lt;br /&gt;
System objects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
QUESTIONS / TASKS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.1. Determine the geographical latitude of this observing site:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In which hemisphere is the site situated? N / S (Circle the right one.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.2. Determine the azimuth of the 3 brightest stars on the projected sky. Azimuth is measured &lt;br /&gt;
from North towards the East. Write the name of these stars in English or using their Bayer &lt;br /&gt;
designation and their azimuths in the list below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bright star / name:          Az: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bright star / name:          Az:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bright star / name:          Az: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.3. Yellow × signs show the position of 3 comets. Which comet is closest to the ecliptic? &lt;br /&gt;
(Circle the number below.)&lt;br /&gt;
1 / 2 / 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.4. List nine constellations that contain circumpolar stars seen from the given observing site. &lt;br /&gt;
(Use the official IAU abbreviations or IAU designation.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.5. Mintaka (δ Orionis) is setting at this moment. How many hours earlier did it rise? (To an &lt;br /&gt;
accuracy of 15 minutes.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
问题2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
我们站在地球上的某个地方。投影的天空不显示任何太阳系天体。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
问题/任务：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.1.  确定该观测站点的地理纬度：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
该位置位于哪个半球？ N / S（圈出正确的。）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.2.  确定投影天空上3颗最亮恒星的方位角。方位角是从北向东测量的。在下面的列表中用英语写下这些星星的名称或者它们的拜耳名称及其方位角。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
亮星/名字：Az：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
亮星/名字：Az：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
亮星/名字：Az：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.3.  黄色×标志显示3颗彗星的位置。哪颗彗星最接近黄道？（圈出下面的数字。）&lt;br /&gt;
1/2/3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.4.  列出从给定观测站点看到的位于拱极圈的九个星座。（使用IAU官方缩写或IAU指定名称。）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.5.  Mintaka（δOrionis）正在落下。它在几个小时之前升起？ （精确到15分钟。）&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:2019ioaa PL2-1.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.1  25°S&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
S&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.2  Sirius  (α CMa)  Az=260°&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Canopus  (α Car)  Az=220°&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rigil Kentaurus  (α Cen)  Az=150°&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.3  2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.4  Oct&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pav&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hyi&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tuc&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Men&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aps&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cha&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Car&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cen&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cir&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ara&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
TrA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ret&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.5  12h&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
解答由 Astro_Yuan 提供&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC14%E9%A2%98-%E5%8F%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E4%BC%B4%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=3054</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO决赛第14题-双星系统中的致密伴星</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC14%E9%A2%98-%E5%8F%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E4%BC%B4%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=3054"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T09:12:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要编辑}}&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
天文学家发现了一个单线分光双星系统(Single-lined Spectroscopic Binary):一颗光谱型为G2V的恒星 (质量$$M_1≈1M_⊙$$）正围绕一个不可见的致密伴星在近似圆轨道上运动。由于没有明显的X射线辐射，伴星的质量只能通过轨道动力学测定。图2为该恒星在6个轨道相位($$Φ=t/P$$，其中$$t$$是观测时间，$$P$$是轨道周期)下的高分辨率光谱图像，波段覆盖Ha氢巴尔末吸收线(实验室静止波长$$λ_0=6562.80Å$$)。图像中同时存在若干较窄的金属背景吸收线，Ha线是其中最宽、最深的特征线。由于多普勒效应，所有谱线随相位整体偏移。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(1)从6张光谱图像中，读出各相位下Ha谱线的中心观测波长$$λ_obs$$，利用非相对论多普勒公式计算各相位的视向速度$$v_r$$(km/s)，并找出所有相位中最大视向速度$$V_r,max$$的值。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2)通过高精度的空间干涉天体测量，天文学家直接测得了该可见恒星轨道的半长轴$$a_1=0.435au$$，并且确认该系统的轨道近似正圆且轨道倾角$$i≈90°$$(即我们的视线方向与轨道平面平行)。请计算出该双星系统的真实轨道周期$$P$$(单位“天”或“年”)。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)两个天体围绕共同质心做圆周运动，请利用单线分光双星的系统参数($$a_1,P)建立方程，列出可见恒星质量M，和不可见伴星质量M2之间的关系式。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(4)已知该G2V型可见恒星的质量M≈1M。，伴星M2是什么天体?(注:钱德拉塞卡极限约为&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:天体力学]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC13%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD&amp;diff=3052</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO决赛第13题-天下之中</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC13%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD&amp;diff=3052"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:25:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要编辑}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
在河南登封“天地之中”历史建筑群（北纬$$34^{\circ} 27^{\prime}$$，东经$$113^{\circ} 03^{\prime}$$）中，有着我国现存最古老的天文台之一。3000多年前的西周初期，周公在这里观测日影，确定“天下之中”，营建都城洛邑；1300多年前的唐代，天文学家南宫悦在其旧址仿旧制建成周公测景台；700多年前的元代，天文学家郭守敬又在这里主持建造观星台，建立了如今我们看到的圭表。圭表由“表”（立杆）和“圭”（刻度石板）组成，用来通过影长测定正午时刻和节气。请参考均时差曲线（即“$$真太阳时 - 平太阳时$$”在一年中随日期变化的曲线），完成以下问题：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）假设这个圭表的“表”高为$$9.5$$米，且“表”的影子完全落在位于平地的“圭”上，那么“圭”的长度至少为多少米，才能满足一年的测量需求？答案精确到小数点后一位。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（2）某天，一位学生在登封观星台进行观测。他发现，当他的手表显示北京时间12:00时，“表”的影子正好落在“圭”的正中位置。这种情况可能发生在____。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A.一年中的任意一天&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
B.一年中特定的一天&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
C.一年中特定的两天&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
D.不可能发生，他的手表一定是显示错误了&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）计算5月16日这天，“表”的影子正好落在“圭”的正中位置的时刻。答案用北京时间表示，精确到分钟。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（4）《周礼·大司徒》记载：“日至之景，尺有五寸，谓之地中。”意思是，在一个地方建立高为$$8$$尺的“表”，如果夏至日正午测得的影长为$$1.5$$尺，那么这个地方就是“天下之中”。试判断黄赤交角是在增大还是减小，并估算其变化率。答案用每百年变化的角秒数表示，精确到整数。&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:均时差曲线.jpg|替代=|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 “均时差曲线”所对应的图目前缺失，请各位补充。 ——[[用户:RT.x|RT.x]]（[[用户讨论:RT.x|讨论]]） 2026年7月14日 (二) 15:20 (CST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:视运动]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6:%E5%9D%87%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%AE%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF.jpg&amp;diff=3051</id>
		<title>文件:均时差曲线.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6:%E5%9D%87%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%AE%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF.jpg&amp;diff=3051"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:24:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;来自天文爱好者2026年7月刊&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC13%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD&amp;diff=3050</id>
		<title>2026年CNAO决赛第13题-天下之中</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2026%E5%B9%B4CNAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC13%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD&amp;diff=3050"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:13:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要编辑}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
==题目==&lt;br /&gt;
在河南登封“天地之中”历史建筑群（北纬$$34^{\circ} 27^{\prime}$$，东经$$113^{\circ} 03^{\prime}$$）中，有着我国现存最古老的天文台之一。3000多年前的西周初期，周公在这里观测日影，确定“天下之中”，营建都城洛邑；1300多年前的唐代，天文学家南宫悦在其旧址仿旧制建成周公测景台；700多年前的元代，天文学家郭守敬又在这里主持建造观星台，建立了如今我们看到的圭表。圭表由“表”（立杆）和“圭”（刻度石板）组成，用来通过影长测定正午时刻和节气。请参考均时差曲线（即“$$真太阳时 - 平太阳时$$”在一年中随日期变化的曲线），完成以下问题：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（1）假设这个圭表的“表”高为$$9.5$$米，且“表”的影子完全落在位于平地的“圭”上，那么“圭”的长度至少为多少米，才能满足一年的测量需求？答案精确到小数点后一位。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（2）某天，一位学生在登封观星台进行观测。他发现，当他的手表显示北京时间12:00时，“表”的影子正好落在“圭”的正中位置。这种情况可能发生在____。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A.一年中的任意一天&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
B.一年中特定的一天&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
C.一年中特定的两天&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
D.不可能发生，他的手表一定是显示错误了&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（3）计算5月16日这天，“表”的影子正好落在“圭”的正中位置的时刻。答案用北京时间表示，精确到分钟。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（4）《周礼·大司徒》记载：“日至之景，尺有五寸，谓之地中。”意思是，在一个地方建立高为$$8$$尺的“表”，如果夏至日正午测得的影长为$$1.5$$尺，那么这个地方就是“天下之中”。试判断黄赤交角是在增大还是减小，并估算其变化率。答案用每百年变化的角秒数表示，精确到整数。&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:年均时差.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 “均时差曲线”所对应的图目前缺失，请各位补充。 ——[[用户:RT.x|RT.x]]（[[用户讨论:RT.x|讨论]]） 2026年7月14日 (二) 15:20 (CST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:视运动]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6:%E5%B9%B4%E5%9D%87%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%AE.png&amp;diff=3049</id>
		<title>文件:年均时差.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6:%E5%B9%B4%E5%9D%87%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%AE.png&amp;diff=3049"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:12:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;百度曲线&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zhait0mvnlagn443&amp;topic_revId=zhv89rxmcgk9kdxv&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zhait0mvnlagn443&amp;topic_revId=zhv89rxmcgk9kdxv&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:03:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已隐藏“.”的一个&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zhait0mvnlagn443#flow-post-zhait0mvnlagn443&quot;&gt;帖子&lt;/a&gt;（&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zgy5fywyws30mx03&amp;topic_revId=zhv89lx3gj6szloz&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zgy5fywyws30mx03&amp;topic_revId=zhv89lx3gj6szloz&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:03:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已隐藏“.”的一个&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zgy5fywyws30mx03#flow-post-zgy5fywyws30mx03&quot;&gt;帖子&lt;/a&gt;（&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn&amp;topic_revId=zhv89b3cnv46cl8z&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn&amp;topic_revId=zhv89b3cnv46cl8z&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:03:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已隐藏“.”的一个&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn#flow-post-zfmnop5w6narj6vn&quot;&gt;帖子&lt;/a&gt;（&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfcnaxhvrg7l96z7&amp;topic_revId=zhv88xuzwtoyogpf&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfcnaxhvrg7l96z7&amp;topic_revId=zhv88xuzwtoyogpf&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:03:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已隐藏“.”的一个&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zfcnaxhvrg7l96z7#flow-post-zfcnaxhvrg7l96z7&quot;&gt;帖子&lt;/a&gt;（&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_revId=zhv88o8k3camk0b7&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_revId=zhv88o8k3camk0b7&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-07-17T07:03:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已将话题的标题从“膜袁专用楼”更改为“&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&quot;&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC5%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=3012</id>
		<title>2019年USAAAO决赛第5题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC5%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=3012"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T00:23:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. (15 points) An alien spaceship from the planet Kepler 62f is in search of a rocky planet for a remote base. They’re attracted to Earth because of a fortunate coincidence: its axis of rotation points directly at their home planet. That means they can have uninterrupted communication with home by planting fixed transmitters on The North Pole. But first, they need to find out if Earth’s axis will always point in the same direction or if it undergoes precession. They can’t know without years of observation, so they hope that we, its now-extinct intelligence, have left behind the answer. While orbiting Earth, they see a few remarkable structures, including the Hoover Dam in Nevada. Zooming in on the dam, a colorful plaza with peculiar markings on its floor catches their attention. Descending on the plaza, they realize the markings are a map of the sky when the dam was built, left to indicate the date to posterity. Figure 1 is an overhead architectural map of this plaza. The center-point depicts the north ecliptic pole, and the large circle represents the path of the Earth’s axis throughout its counter-clockwise procession. As they interpret the map, they’re dismayed to realize that their star has not been and will not be Earth’s north star for very long.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Figure 1 for USAAAO2019 Final Q5.jpg|缩略图|Figure 1: Overhead architectural plan of the Hoover Dam plaza depicting Polaris as north star]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the purpose of this question, assume that the Earth’s axial tilt is a constant $$i = 23.5^{\circ}$$ and its axis precesses at a constant rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Using the values on the map, and knowing that the aliens used carbon-aging to determine that the dam is 12,000 years old, find all possible values for the period of Earth’s axial precession.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) Using the most optimistic answer (longest period) from part (a), calculate how many arcseconds the Earth’s axis precesses each day. Use the period you calculate here in the next two sections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
c) If they hadn’t been lucky enough to come across the star map and decided to build a radio interferometer to observe the movement of the celestial pole over the course of 30 days instead, how many kilometers would the baseline of their telescope array have to be, assuming it operated at a 20cm wavelength?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
d) As a last resort, to keep Earth’s axis fixed, the aliens decide to counter the forces that cause the Earth’s precession by building giant nuclear thrusters on the Earth’s surface. Assume Earth’s precession is caused by external forces alone and calculate the average force (in kN) that a strategically positioned thruster would have to exert to counter them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. (15 points)来自开普勒62f星的一艘外星飞船正在寻找一个适合建立偏远基地的岩石行星。他们因为一个幸运的巧合被地球吸引：地球的自转轴正好指向他们的母星。这意味着他们可以通过在北极安装固定的发射器与母星保持不间断的通信。但首先，他们需要弄清楚地球的自转轴是否会一直指向同一方向，或者是否会发生岁差。如果没有多年的观测，他们无法得知，所以他们希望我们——现在已经灭绝的智慧生命——留下了答案。在环绕地球飞行时，他们看到了几处引人注目的建筑，包括内华达州的胡佛水坝。放大观看水坝时，一个地面上带有奇特标记的彩色广场引起了他们的注意。当他们降落在广场上时，意识到这些标记是一张水坝建造时天空的地图，用来向后世指示日期。图 1 是这个广场的建筑俯视图。中心点表示北黄极，大圆表示地球自转轴在逆时针的岁差运动中的路径。当他们解读这张地图时，沮丧地意识到他们的星星过去并没有，也不会在很长时间内成为地球的北极星。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
为此，假设地球的轴倾角为常数$$i = 23.5^{circ}$$，且其轴以恒定速率进动。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a）使用地图上的数据，已知外星人使用碳年代测定法确定大坝有 12,000 年历史，找出地球轴向岁差周期的所有可能数值。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b）使用第(a)部分中最乐观的答案（最长周期），计算地球轴每天进动多少角秒。在接下来的两个部分中使用你在这里计算的周期。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
c）如果他们运气不足，没有遇到星图，而是决定建造一个射电干涉仪来观察天极在30天内的运动，那么假设其工作波长为20厘米，他们的望远镜阵列的基线长度需要多少公里？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
d）为了保持地轴固定，作为最后的手段，外星人决定通过在地球表面建造巨大的核动力推进器来抵消地球岁差。假设地球的岁差仅由外力引起，并计算一个战略性放置的推进器必须施加的平均力（以千牛计）。&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zhait0mvnlagn443&amp;topic_revId=zhait0mvnlagn443&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zhait0mvnlagn443&amp;topic_revId=zhait0mvnlagn443&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-07-07T23:57:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zhait0mvnlagn443#flow-post-zhait0mvnlagn443&quot;&gt;已评论&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&quot;的话题(&lt;em&gt;啥阴&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2999</id>
		<title>2019年USAAAO决赛第3题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2999"/>
		<updated>2026-07-04T23:47:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. (7 points) You are in the northern hemisphere and are observing rise of star A with declination $$δ = -8^{\circ}$$, and at the same time a star B with declination $$δ = +16^{\circ}$$ is setting. What will happen first: next setting of the star A or rising of the star B?&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. (7 points) 你在北半球，正在观测赤纬为$$δ=-8^{circ}$$的恒星A升起，同时赤纬为$$δ=16^{circ}$$的恒星B正在落下。是A星的下一次落下，还是B星升起先发生？&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC11%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2998</id>
		<title>2018年USAAAO短问题第11道</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC11%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2998"/>
		<updated>2026-07-04T02:46:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
11. [5 pt] When a gravitationally bound system (such as a galaxy) forms, it transitions from a just bound&lt;br /&gt;
state ($$E_{kin} = |E_{pot}|$$) to a virialized state ($$E_{kin} = 0.5|E_{pot}|$$) and the excess binding energy has to be radiated&lt;br /&gt;
away. Consider an idealized disk galaxy with an exactly flat rotation curve with a rotation speed of $$v_{circ} = 220&lt;br /&gt;
km/s$$ (you can neglect the kinetic energy in random motions). Its density profile cuts off abruptly at a radius&lt;br /&gt;
of $$R_{max} = 50 kpc$$. Assume that it took 500 million years for this galaxy to collapse to its present state.&lt;br /&gt;
What was its mean luminosity (in units of solar luminosity) due to the release of the binding energy during&lt;br /&gt;
that period?&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
11. [5 pt] 当一个引力束缚系统（例如星系）形成时，它会从刚刚束缚状态（$$E_{kin} = |E_{pot}|$$）过渡到维里化状态（$$E_{kin} = 0.5|E_{pot}|$$），多余的束缚能必须以辐射的形式释放。考虑一个理想化的盘状星系，其旋转曲线完全平坦，旋转速度为 $$v_{circ} = 220 	ext{ km/s}$$（可以忽略随机运动的动能）。其密度分布在半径 $$R_{max} = 50 kpc$$ 处突然截止。假设这个星系花了5亿年时间塌缩到现在的状态。在此期间由于释放束缚能量，它的平均光度（以太阳光度为单位）是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%A6&amp;diff=2997</id>
		<title>2017年IOAA理论第2题-地球凌日带</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%A6&amp;diff=2997"/>
		<updated>2026-07-04T01:58:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 中文翻译 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==英文原题==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''(T2) Earth's Transit Zone [10 marks]'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earth's transit zone is an area where extrasolar observers (located far away from the Solar System) can detect the Earth transiting across the Sun. For observers on the Earth, this area is the projection of a band around the Earth's ecliptic onto the celestial plane (light grey area in the left figure). Assume that the Earth has a circular orbit of 1 au.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:2017ioaaT2 Q1.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Find the angular width of that part of the Earth's transit zone in degrees, in which the extrasolar observers can detect Earth's total transit (when the whole of the Earth's disk passes in front of the Sun).&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [5]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) Find the angular width of that part of the Earth's transit zone in degrees, where the extrasolar observers can detect at least Earth's grazing transit (when any part of the Earth's disk passes in front of the Sun). &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [5]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''地球凌日带'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“地球凌日带”是太阳系外的观测者（在离太阳系很远的地方）能够观测到地球凌日的区域。在地球上看，这个区域是地球的影子在黄道附近形成的条带（即左图浅灰色区域）。假定地球的轨道是正圆，半径为1 au。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（a）计算太阳系外的观测者可以观测到地球全凌（也就是整个地球圆面从太阳前穿过）的地球凌日带宽度，以角度为单位。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（b）计算太阳系外的观测者最少可以观测到地球掠凌（部分地球圆面从太阳前穿过）的地球凌日带宽度，以角度为单位。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==官方解答==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===英文原文===&lt;br /&gt;
(a)  For Earth's transit, the whole Earth's disk should pass in front of the sun,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:IOAA2017 T2-1.png|边框|无框]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;From ΔSTA~ΔETD:&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$\frac{X}{R_⊕}=\frac{a+X}{R_T}$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$X=\frac{aR_⊕}{R_T-R_⊕}$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The half angular size of the Earth’s Transit Zone with transit can be written as,&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$\theta_T=arcsin(\frac{R_⊕}{X})+arcsin(\frac{R_T}{a+X})=arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''Solution with$$\theta_T=arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})\approx\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a} $$is acceptable with full mark'''''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The angular size of the Earth’s Transit Zone with transit is&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$2\theta_T=2arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$2\theta_T=0.527°$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
===中文翻译===&lt;br /&gt;
(a)  对于地球凌日，整个地球应该经过太阳前方，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:IOAA2017 T2-1.png|边框|无框]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;因为 ΔSTA~ΔETD:&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$\frac{X}{R_⊕}=\frac{a+X}{R_T}$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$X=\frac{aR_⊕}{R_T-R_⊕}$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;地球凌日区的角半径大小可以写成,&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$\theta_T=arcsin(\frac{R_⊕}{X})+arcsin(\frac{R_T}{a+X})=arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''解法''$$\theta_T=arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})\approx\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a} $$也可以得满分'''''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
地球凌日区的角大小为&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$2\theta_T=2arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$2\theta_T=0.527°$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%A6&amp;diff=2996</id>
		<title>2017年IOAA理论第2题-地球凌日带</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%A6&amp;diff=2996"/>
		<updated>2026-07-04T01:45:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==英文原题==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''(T2) Earth's Transit Zone [10 marks]'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earth's transit zone is an area where extrasolar observers (located far away from the Solar System) can detect the Earth transiting across the Sun. For observers on the Earth, this area is the projection of a band around the Earth's ecliptic onto the celestial plane (light grey area in the left figure). Assume that the Earth has a circular orbit of 1 au.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:2017ioaaT2 Q1.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Find the angular width of that part of the Earth's transit zone in degrees, in which the extrasolar observers can detect Earth's total transit (when the whole of the Earth's disk passes in front of the Sun).&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [5]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) Find the angular width of that part of the Earth's transit zone in degrees, where the extrasolar observers can detect at least Earth's grazing transit (when any part of the Earth's disk passes in front of the Sun). &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [5]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''地球凌日带'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“地球凌日带”是太阳系外的观测者（在离太阳系很远的地方）能够观测到地球凌日的区域。在地球上看，这个区域是地球的影子在黄道附近形成的条带（即左图浅灰色区域）。假定地球的轨道是正圆，半径为1 au。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（a）计算太阳系外的观测者可以观测到地球全凌（也就是整个地球圆面从太阳前穿过）的地球凌日带宽度，以角度为单位。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（b）计算太阳系外的观测者最少可以观测到地球掠凌（部分地球圆面从太阳前穿过）的地球凌日带宽度，以角度为单位。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 官方解答 ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 英文原文 ===&lt;br /&gt;
(a)  For Earth's transit, the whole Earth's disk should pass in front of the sun,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:IOAA2017 T2-1.png|边框|无框]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;From ΔSTA~ΔETD:&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$\frac{X}{R_⊕}=\frac{a+X}{R_T}$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$X=\frac{aR_⊕}{R_T-R_⊕}$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The half angular size of the Earth’s Transit Zone with transit can be written as,&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$\theta_T=arcsin(\frac{R_⊕}{X})+arcsin(\frac{R_T}{a+X})=arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt; [1 mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''Solution with$$\theta_T=arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})\approx\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a} $$is acceptable with full mark&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The angular size of the Earth’s Transit Zone with transit is&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$2\theta_T=2arcsin(\frac{R_T-R_⊕}{a})$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$$2\theta_T=0.527°$$&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1mark]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 中文翻译 ===&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC13%E9%A2%98-%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=2995</id>
		<title>2017年IOAA理论第13题-系外卫星</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC13%E9%A2%98-%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=2995"/>
		<updated>2026-07-04T01:17:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文原题 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{内容需要完善}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==英文原题==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Exomoon''' [60 marks]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Exomoons are natural satellites of exoplanets. The gravitational influence of such a moon will affect the position of the planet relative to the planet-moon barycentre, resulting in Transit&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
系外月亮 [60pt]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
系外月亮是系外行星的天然卫星。这种月亮的引力会影响行星相对于行星-月亮质心的位置，从而导致凌日现象&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2015IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC5%E9%A2%98-%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2991</id>
		<title>2015IOAA理论短问题第5题-卫星轨道</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2015IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC5%E9%A2%98-%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2991"/>
		<updated>2026-07-03T02:49:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
An observer is trying to determine an approximate value of the orbital eccentricity of a man-made satellite. When the satellite was at apogee, it was observed to have moved by $$∆𝜃_{1}$$ = 2′44&amp;quot; in a short time. When the radius vector connecting Earth and the satellite is perpendicular to the major axis (true anomaly is equal to 90o), within the same duration of time, it was observed to have moved by $$∆𝜃_{2}$$ = 21′17&amp;quot;. Assume that the observer is located at the center of the Earth. Find an approximate value of the eccentricity of the satellite’s orbit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
一个观察者正在尝试确定一颗人造卫星轨道的偏心率。当卫星位于远地点时，观察到它在短时间内移动了 $$∆𝜃_{1}$$ = 2′44&amp;quot;。当连接地球和卫星的半径向量与长轴垂直（真近点角为90°）时，在相同时间内，观察到它移动了 $$∆𝜃_{2}$$ = 21′17&amp;quot;。假设观察者位于地球中心。求卫星轨道偏心率的近似值。&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2990</id>
		<title>2021USAAAO决赛第2题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2990"/>
		<updated>2026-07-03T02:34:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 中文翻译 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文原题==&lt;br /&gt;
2. ('''5 points''') The convection zone of the sun is the major region of the solar interior that is closest to the surface. It is characterized by convection currents that quickly carry heat to the surface. As a pocket of gas rises, it expands and becomes less and less dense. For it to continue to rise, the temperature&lt;br /&gt;
gradient in the sun must be steeper than the adiabatic gradient, which is the temperature that the gas would have if it were allowed to expand without any heat input.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the sun, the adiabatic gradient satisfies $$T {\propto} p^{0.4}$$,  where $$T$$ is the temperature and $$p$$  is the pressure at any given point.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The bottom of the convection zone is about 200,000 kilometers beneath the surface of the sun, and has a temperature of about 2 × 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; K and a density of about 200kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Estimate an upper bound for the temperature of the convection zone where the density is 1.2kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (the density of ait).  You may assume the ideal gas law holds in the convective zone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
2. ('''5 points''') 太阳的对流层是太阳内部最接近表面的主要区域。它的特点是由对流迅速将热量输送到表面。当一团气体上升时，它会膨胀并变得越来越稀薄。为了使它继续上升，太阳内部的温度梯度必须比绝热梯度更陡，绝热梯度是指气体在允许自由膨胀而不输入任何热量的情况下所具有的温度。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
在阳光下，绝热梯度满足 $$T {propto} p^{0.4}$$，其中$$T$$是温度，$$p$$是任一点的压力。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
对流带底部约在太阳表面以下20万公里处，温度约为 2 × 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; K ，密度约为 200kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;。估算对流区温度的上界，其中密度为1.2kg/m3。你可以假设理想气体定律在对流区成立。&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2989</id>
		<title>2021USAAAO决赛第2题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2989"/>
		<updated>2026-07-03T02:31:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文原题==&lt;br /&gt;
2. ('''5 points''') The convection zone of the sun is the major region of the solar interior that is closest to the surface. It is characterized by convection currents that quickly carry heat to the surface. As a pocket of gas rises, it expands and becomes less and less dense. For it to continue to rise, the temperature&lt;br /&gt;
gradient in the sun must be steeper than the adiabatic gradient, which is the temperature that the gas would have if it were allowed to expand without any heat input.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the sun, the adiabatic gradient satisfies $$T {\propto} p^{0.4}$$,  where $$T$$ is the temperature and $$p$$  is the pressure at any given point.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The bottom of the convection zone is about 200,000 kilometers beneath the surface of the sun, and has a temperature of about 2 × 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; K and a density of about 200kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Estimate an upper bound for the temperature of the convection zone where the density is 1.2kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (the density of ait).  You may assume the ideal gas law holds in the convective zone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC1%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2988</id>
		<title>2019年USAAAO决赛第1题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC1%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2988"/>
		<updated>2026-07-03T02:05:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. (7 points) Assuming that the present density of baryonic matter is $$ρ_{b0} = 4.17*10^{-28} kg/m^3$$ , what was the density of baryonic matter at the time of Big Bang nucelosynthesis (when $$T \sim 10^{10} K$$)? Assume the present temperature, $$T_0$$ to be $$2.7 K$$.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
1.(7 points) 假设当前重子物质的密度为$$ρ_{b0} = 4.17*10^{-28} kg/m^3$$，那么在大爆炸核合成时（当$$T sim 10^{10} K$$）时，重子物质的密度是多少？假设当前温度，$$T_0$$，为$$2.7 K$$。&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC1%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2987</id>
		<title>2019年USAAAO决赛第1题</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E5%86%B3%E8%B5%9B%E7%AC%AC1%E9%A2%98&amp;diff=2987"/>
		<updated>2026-07-03T02:05:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. (7 points) Assuming that the present density of baryonic matter is $$ρ_{b0} = 4.17*10^{-28} kg/m^3$$ , what was the density of baryonic matter at the time of Big Bang nucelosynthesis (when $$T \sim 10^{10} K$$)? Assume the present temperature, $$T_0$$ to be $$2.7 K$$.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
1.(7 points) 假设当前重子物质的密度为$$ρ_{b0} = 4.17*10^{-28} kg/m^3$$，那么在大爆炸核合成时（当$$T sim 10^{10} K$$）时，重子物质的密度是多少？假设当前温度，$$T_0$$，为$2.7 K$$。&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC10%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2985</id>
		<title>2018年USAAAO短问题第10道</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC10%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2985"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T09:14:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. [5 pt] Mars orbits the Sun at an average distance of $$2.28 × 10^{11} m$$ and has a radius of $$3.39 × 10^6 m$$. The&lt;br /&gt;
Sun has a luminosity of $$3.828 × 10^{26} W$$. How much solar energy falls on the surface of Mars each second?&lt;br /&gt;
Ignore any effects of Mars’ thin atmosphere.&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. [5 分] 火星以平均距离 $$2.28 × 10^{11} m$$ 绕太阳运行，半径为 $$3.39 × 10^6 m$$ 。 太阳的光度为 $$3.828 × 10^{26} W$$ 。每秒有多少太阳能量落在火星表面？忽略火星稀薄大气的任何影响。&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC10%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2984</id>
		<title>2018年USAAAO短问题第10道</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B4USAAAO%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC10%E9%81%93&amp;diff=2984"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T09:08:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. [5 pt] Mars orbits the Sun at an average distance of $$2.28 × 10^{11} m$$ and has a radius of $$3.39 × 10^6 m$$. The&lt;br /&gt;
Sun has a luminosity of $$3.828 × 10^{26} W$$. How much solar energy falls on the surface of Mars each second?&lt;br /&gt;
Ignore any effects of Mars’ thin atmosphere.&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. [5 分] 火星以平均距离 $$2.28 × 10^{11} m$$ 绕太阳运行，半径为 $$3.39 × 10^6 m$$ 。太阳的光度为 $$3.828 × 10^{26} W$$ 。每秒有多少太阳能量落在火星表面？忽略火星稀薄大气的任何影响。&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4GeCAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC4%E9%A2%98-%E5%85%89%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&amp;diff=2983</id>
		<title>2020年GeCAA理论第4题-光变曲线</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4GeCAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC4%E9%A2%98-%E5%85%89%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&amp;diff=2983"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T09:03:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
The light curve A shown below, shows a fictional edge-on eclipsing binary system containing stars X (radius $$r_{X}$$ , luminosity $$L_{X}$$ ) and Y (radius $$r_{Y}$$ , Luminosity $$L_{Y}$$ ) . Assume that star X is brighter, but star Y is hotter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(a) (1 point) Which of the two stars is likely to be on the main sequence? (Write “X”or “Y”)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(b) Based on light curve A, estimate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(I) (2 points) $$\frac{r_{X} }{r_{Y}} $$, the ratio of the radii of the two stars.&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(II) (2 points)$$\frac{L_{X} }{L_{Y}} $$, the ratio of the Luminosity of the two stars.&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(c) (15 points) For light curves B to F, in each case only one parameter of the binary system has been changed from the case in light curve A. For each case, choose the description from the following list that best corresponds to the change (Write the appropriate roman numeral in the answer sheet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(i) Star X increased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ii) Star X increased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iii) Star X decreased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iv) Star X decreased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(v) Star Y increased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vi) Star Y increased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vii) Star Y decreased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(viii) Star Y decreased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ix) Star X is a variable star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(x) Star Y is a variable star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xi) The inclination of the system relative to the Earth has changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xii) The distance of the system from the Earth has decreased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiii) The distance of the system from the Earth has increased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiv) The orbital period of the system increased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xv) The orbital period of the system decreased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Light Curves-1.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Light Curves-2.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
下图所示的光变曲线 A 展示了一个虚构的边缘视角食双星系统，包含恒星 X（半径 $$r_{X}$$，光度 $$L_{X}$$）和 Y（半径 $$r_{Y}$$，光度 $$L_{Y}$$）。假设恒星 X 更亮，但恒星 Y 更热。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(a)  (1 point) 这两颗恒星中哪一颗可能在主序星上? ( “X” or “Y”)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(b) 基于光变曲线A，估算：&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;      (I)  (2 points) $$frac{r_{X} }{r_{Y}} $$，两个恒星半径的比值。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(II) (2 points) $$frac{L_{X} }{L_{Y}} $$，两颗恒星的光度比。&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(c) (15 points) 对于光变曲线 B 到 F，在每种情况下，双星系统只有一个参数与光变曲线 A 的情况不同。对于每种情况，从下列列表中选择最能对应变化的描述（在答题纸上写下相应的罗马数字）。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(i) 恒星X增大了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ii) 恒星X亮度增加。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iii) 恒星X缩小了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iv) 恒星X亮度下降。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(v) 恒星Y增大了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vi) 恒星Y亮度增加。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vii) 恒星Y缩小了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(viii) 恒星Y亮度下降。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ix) 恒星X是一颗变星。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(x) 恒星Y是一颗变星。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xi) 系统相对于地球的倾角发生了变化。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xii) 系统离地球的距离减小了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiii) 系统离地球的距离增加了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiv) 系统的轨道周期增加了。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xv) 系统的轨道周期减小了。&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4GeCAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC4%E9%A2%98-%E5%85%89%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&amp;diff=2982</id>
		<title>2020年GeCAA理论第4题-光变曲线</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4GeCAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC4%E9%A2%98-%E5%85%89%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&amp;diff=2982"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:34:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
The light curve A shown below, shows a fictional edge-on eclipsing binary system containing stars X (radius $$r_{X}$$ , luminosity $$L_{X}$$ ) and Y (radius $$r_{Y}$$ , Luminosity $$L_{Y}$$ ) . Assume that star X is brighter, but star Y is hotter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(a) (1 point) Which of the two stars is likely to be on the main sequence? (Write “X”or “Y”)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(b) Based on light curve A, estimate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(I) (2 points) $$\frac{r_{X} }{r_{Y}} $$, the ratio of the radii of the two stars.&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(II) (2 points)$$\frac{L_{X} }{L_{Y}} $$, the ratio of the Luminosity of the two stars.&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(c) (15 points) For light curves B to F, in each case only one parameter of the binary system has been changed from the case in light curve A. For each case, choose the description from the following list that best corresponds to the change (Write the appropriate roman numeral in the answer sheet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(i) Star X increased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ii) Star X increased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iii) Star X decreased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iv) Star X decreased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(v) Star Y increased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vi) Star Y increased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vii) Star Y decreased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(viii) Star Y decreased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ix) Star X is a variable star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(x) Star Y is a variable star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xi) The inclination of the system relative to the Earth has changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xii) The distance of the system from the Earth has decreased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiii) The distance of the system from the Earth has increased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiv) The orbital period of the system increased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xv) The orbital period of the system decreased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Light Curves-1.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Light Curves-2.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4GeCAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC4%E9%A2%98-%E5%85%89%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&amp;diff=2981</id>
		<title>2020年GeCAA理论第4题-光变曲线</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4GeCAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC4%E9%A2%98-%E5%85%89%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF&amp;diff=2981"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:33:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
The light curve A shown below, shows a fictional edge-on eclipsing binary system containing stars X (radius $$r_{X}$$ , luminosity $$L_{X}$$ ) and Y (radius $$r_{Y}$$ , Luminosity $$L_{Y}$$ ) . Assume that star X is brighter, but star Y is hotter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(a) (1 point) Which of the two stars is likely to be on the main sequence? (Write “X”or “Y”)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(b) Based on light curve A, estimate:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(I) (2 points) $$\frac{r_{X} }{r_{Y}} $$, the ratio of the radii of the two stars.&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;(II) (2 points)$$\frac{L_{X} }{L_{Y}} $$, the ratio of the Luminosity of the two stars.&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(c) (15 points) For light curves B to F, in each case only one parameter of the binary system has been changed from the case in light curve A. For each case, choose the description from the following list that best corresponds to the change (Write the appropriate roman numeral in the answer sheet).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(i) Star X increased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ii) Star X increased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iii) Star X decreased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(iv) Star X decreased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(v) Star Y increased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vi) Star Y increased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(vii) Star Y decreased in size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(viii) Star Y decreased in luminosity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(ix) Star X is a variable star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(x) Star Y is a variable star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xi) The inclination of the system relative to the Earth has changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xii) The distance of the system from the Earth has decreased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiii) The distance of the system from the Earth has increased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xiv) The orbital period of the system increased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(xv) The orbital period of the system decreased.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Light Curves-1.png|缩略图]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:Light Curves-2.png|缩略图]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A2%98-%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=2980</id>
		<title>2021年IOAA理论第3题-火星</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A2%98-%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=2980"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:31:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
A spacecraft of mass $$m=5.0\times 10^{4} kg$$ approaches in a parabolic orbit 𝐴𝐵, with respect to Mars. When the spacecraft reaches point 𝐵 of least distance to the center of Mars,$$r_{B} =6.8\times 10^{6} m$$, it undergoes an instantaneous deceleration using its rockets and goes into a perfectly calculated orbit so that it will touch the Martian surface exactly at point 𝐶, diametrically opposite 𝐵, as shown in the figure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.1 Determine the speed ($$km\cdot s^{-1} $$) of the spacecraft at point 𝐵 just before the deceleration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.2 Calculate the total energy (𝐽) of the spacecraft as it is moving between points B and C.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.3 Calculate the speed ($$km\cdot s^{-1} $$) of the spacecraft at point 𝐶.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
一艘质量为 $$m=5.0\times 10^{4} kg$$ 的航天器以相对于火星的抛物线轨道 AB 接近。当航天器到达距火星中心的最短距离点 B 时，$$r_{B} =6.8\times 10^{6} m$$，它使用火箭进行瞬时减速，并进入一个精确计算的轨道，使其正好在图中所示的与 B 点直径相对的 C 点触碰火星表面。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.1 求航天器在减速前到达 B 点时的速度 ($$km\cdot s^{-1} $$)。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.2 计算航天器在 B 点与 C 点之间运动的总能量  (𝐽) 。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.3 计算航天器在 C 点的速度 ($$km\cdot s^{-1} $$) 。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A2%98-%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=2979</id>
		<title>2021年IOAA理论第3题-火星</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC3%E9%A2%98-%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;diff=2979"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:30:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 中文翻译 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
A spacecraft of mass $$m=5.0\times 10^{4} kg$$ approaches in a parabolic orbit 𝐴𝐵, with respect to Mars. When the spacecraft reaches point 𝐵 of least distance to the center of Mars,$$r_{B} =6.8\times 10^{6} m$$, it undergoes an instantaneous deceleration using its rockets and goes into a perfectly calculated orbit so that it will touch the Martian surface exactly at point 𝐶, diametrically opposite 𝐵, as shown in the figure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.1 Determine the speed ($$km\cdot s^{-1} $$) of the spacecraft at point 𝐵 just before the deceleration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.2 Calculate the total energy (𝐽) of the spacecraft as it is moving between points B and C.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.3 Calculate the speed ($$km\cdot s^{-1} $$) of the spacecraft at point 𝐶.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
一艘质量为 m=5.0times 10^{4} kg 的航天器以相对于火星的抛物线轨道 AB 接近。当航天器到达距火星中心的最短距离点 B 时，r_{B} =6.8times 10^{6} m，它使用火箭进行瞬时减速，并进入一个精确计算的轨道，使其正好在图中所示的与 B 点直径相对的 C 点触碰火星表面。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.1 求航天器在减速前到达 B 点时的速度 (kmcdot s^{-1})。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.2 计算航天器在 B 点与 C 点之间运动的总能量 (J)。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.3 计算航天器在 C 点的速度 (kmcdot s^{-1})。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IAO%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BD%8E%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A&amp;diff=2978</id>
		<title>2017年IAO理论低年组第2题-外星峰会</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IAO%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BD%8E%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A&amp;diff=2978"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:27:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 英文题目 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
高年组对应问题：[[2017年IAO理论高年组第2题-外星峰会]]&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
'''α-2. Extraterrestrial summit.''' Extraterrestrial Bear and Extraterrestrial Penguin living in different planetary systems of our Galaxy, came to a summit organized at the Intercivilizational Space Station (ISS) somewhere in the depths of space, where no one star is visible brighter than 1&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. However, it appeared that both stars, from which planetary systems the Bear and the Penguin came, are visible with the naked eye at the summit (assume the sensitivity of the retina of these extraterrestrial animals to be the same as of humans), and the angular distance between them is equal to '''β''' = 30°. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.1.''' Find the possible minimum and maximum linear distance between the native Stars Of the Bear and the Penguin. Consider the planetary systems are possible near the Stars Of spectral classes from '''A''' to '''M''' Of main sequence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.2.''' Include an artistic picture with an image of the Extraterrestrial Bear and Extraterrestrial Penguin (and possibly other extraterrestrial animals) on the ISS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
'''α-2. 外星人峰会'''。生活在我们银河系不同行星系统中的外星熊和外星企鹅，来到了一个在星际空间站（ISS）举办的峰会，该空间站位于宇宙深处，在那里没有任何恒星的亮度超过1等。然而，似乎熊和企鹅所在行星系统的恒星在峰会上用肉眼可见（假设这些外星动物的视网膜敏感度与人类相同），且它们之间的角距离等于β = 30°。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.1.''' 找出熊星与企鹅星之间可能的最小和最大线距离。考虑这些恒星附近可能存在行星系统，其光谱型为主序星的'''A'''到'''M'''型。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.2.''' 在国际空间站上加入一幅艺术画，画中有外星熊和外星企鹅（以及可能的其他外星动物）的形象。&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IAO%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BD%8E%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A&amp;diff=2977</id>
		<title>2017年IAO理论低年组第2题-外星峰会</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4IAO%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BD%8E%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%AC%AC2%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A&amp;diff=2977"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:17:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
高年组对应问题：[[2017年IAO理论高年组第2题-外星峰会]]&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
'''α-2. Extraterrestrial summit.''' Extraterrestrial Bear and Extraterrestrial Penguin living in different planetary systems of our Galaxy, came to a summit organized at the Intercivilizational Space Station (ISS) somewhere in the depths of space, where no one star is visible brighter than 1&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. However, it appeared that both stars, from which planetary systems the Bear and the Penguin came, are visible with the naked eye at the summit (assume the sensitivity of the retina of these extraterrestrial animals to be the same as of humans), and the angular distance between them is equal to '''β''' = 30°. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.1.''' Find the possible minimum and maximum linear distance between the native Stars Of the Bear and the Penguin. Consider the planetary systems are possible near the Stars Of spectral classes from '''A''' to '''M''' Of main sequence. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.2.''' Include an artistic picture with an image of the Extraterrestrial Bear and Extraterrestrial Penguin (and possibly other extraterrestrial animals) on the ISS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:星等]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC12%E9%A2%98-Astrosat(Discarded)&amp;diff=2976</id>
		<title>2016年IOAA理论第12题-Astrosat(Discarded)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC12%E9%A2%98-Astrosat(Discarded)&amp;diff=2976"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T08:10:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 中文翻译 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
'''(T12) AstroSat'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India astronomy satellite, AstroSat, launched in September 2015, has five different instruments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:IOAA2016T12.jpg|无框|左]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this question, we will discuss three of these instruments (SXT, LAXPC, CZTI), which point in the&lt;br /&gt;
same direction and observe in X-ray wavelengths. The details of these instruments are given in the table&lt;br /&gt;
below.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+&lt;br /&gt;
!Instrument&lt;br /&gt;
!Band [keV]&lt;br /&gt;
!Collecting Area [m2 ]&lt;br /&gt;
!Effective Photon Detection Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;
!Saturation level [counts]&lt;br /&gt;
!No. of Pixels&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SXT&lt;br /&gt;
|0.3-80&lt;br /&gt;
|0.067&lt;br /&gt;
|60%&lt;br /&gt;
|1500(total)&lt;br /&gt;
|512x512&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|LAXPC&lt;br /&gt;
|3-80&lt;br /&gt;
|1.5&lt;br /&gt;
|40%&lt;br /&gt;
|50000 (in any one counter) or 200000 (total)&lt;br /&gt;
| ---&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|CZTI&lt;br /&gt;
|10-150&lt;br /&gt;
|0.09&lt;br /&gt;
|50%&lt;br /&gt;
| ---&lt;br /&gt;
|4 x 4096&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
You should note that LAXPC energy range is divided into 8 different energy band counters of equal&lt;br /&gt;
bandwidth with no overlap.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.1) Some X-ray sources like Cas A have a prominent emission line at 0.01825 nm corresponding&lt;br /&gt;
to a radioactive transition of &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;44&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Ti . Suppose there exists a source which emits only one bright&lt;br /&gt;
emission line corresponding to this transition. What should be the minimum relative velocity&lt;br /&gt;
(𝑣) of the source, which will make the observed peak of this line to get registered in a different&lt;br /&gt;
energy band counter of LAXPC as compared to a source at rest?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These instruments were used to observe an X-ray source (assumed to be a point source), whose energy&lt;br /&gt;
spectrum followed the power law,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
𝐹(𝐸) = 𝐾𝐸&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;−2⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;  [in units of counts/keV/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/s ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
where 𝐸 is the energy in keV, 𝐾 is a constant and 𝐹(𝐸) is photon flux density at that energy. Photon flux&lt;br /&gt;
density, by definition, is given for per unit collecting area (m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
) per unit bandwidth (keV) and per unit time (seconds). From prior observations, we know that the source has a flux density of 10&lt;br /&gt;
counts/keV/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/s at 1 keV, when measured by a detector with 100% photon detection efficiency. The&lt;br /&gt;
“counts” here mean the number of photons reported by the detector.&lt;br /&gt;
As the source flux follows the power law given above, we know that for a given energy range from&lt;br /&gt;
𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(lower energy) to 𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(higher energy) the total photon flux (𝐹&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) will be given by&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
𝐹&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = 3𝐾 (𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; − 𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) [in units of counts/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/s ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.2) Estimate the incident flux density from the source at 1 keV, 5 keV, 40 keV and 100 keV. Also&lt;br /&gt;
estimate what will be the total count per unit bandwidth recorded by each of the instruments at&lt;br /&gt;
these energies for an exposure time of 200 seconds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.3) For this source, calculate the maximum exposure time (𝑡&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
), without suffering from saturation,&lt;br /&gt;
for the CCD of SXT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.4) If the source became 3500 times brighter, calculate the expected counts per second in LAXPC&lt;br /&gt;
counter 1, counter 8 as well as total counts across the entire energy range. If we observe for&lt;br /&gt;
longer period, will the counter saturate due to any individual counter or due to the total count?&lt;br /&gt;
Tick the appropriate box in the Summary Answersheet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.5) Assume that the counts reported by CZTI due to random fluctuations in electronics are about&lt;br /&gt;
0.00014 counts per pixel per keV per second at all energy levels. Any source is considered as&lt;br /&gt;
“detected” when the SNR (signal to noise ratio) is at least 3. What is minimum exposure time,&lt;br /&gt;
𝑡&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;𝑐&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
, needed for the source above to be detected in CZTI?&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the “noise” in a detector is equal to the square root of the counts due to random&lt;br /&gt;
fluctuations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.6) Let us consider the situation where the source shows variability in number flux, so that the&lt;br /&gt;
factor 𝐾 increases by 20%. AstroSat observed this source for 1 second before the change and&lt;br /&gt;
1 second after this change in brightness. Calculate the counts measured by SXT, LAXPC and&lt;br /&gt;
CZTI in both the observations. Which instrument is best suited to detect this change? Tick the&lt;br /&gt;
appropriate box in the Summary Answersheet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
印度的天文卫星AstroSat于2015年9月发射，配备了五种不同的仪器。在这个问题中，我们将讨论这三种仪器（SXT、LAXPC、CZTI），它们指向同一方向，并在X射线波段进行观测。下面的表格中给出了这些仪器的详细信息。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
你应该注意，LAXPC 的能量范围被划分为 8 个不同的能量带计数器，带宽相等且没有重叠。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.1)一些像 Cas A 的 X 射线源在 0.01825 nm处有一个显著的发射线，对应于 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;44&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Ti 的放射性跃迁。假设存在一个只发射这一条亮发射线的源。那么这个源的最小相对速度（𝑣）应该是多少，才能让这条线的观测峰值在 LAXPC 的不同能量段计数器中被记录，而不是像静止源那样？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
这些仪器用来观测一个 X 射线源（假设为点源），它的能量谱遵循幂律，&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
𝐹(𝐸) = 𝐾𝐸&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;−2⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;  [in units of counts/keV/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/s ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
其中 𝐸 表示能量（单位为 keV），𝐾 是一个常数，𝐹(𝐸) 是该能量下的光子通量密度。光子通量密度按定义是每单位收集面积（m²）、每单位带宽（keV）和每单位时间（秒）给出的。从以前的观测中，我们知道当用一个光子探测效率为 100% 的探测器测量时，该源在 1 keV 处的通量密度是 10 counts/keV/m²/s。这里的“counts”指的是探测器报告的光子数量。由于源通量遵循上述幂律，我们就知道在一个能量范围从 𝐸1（低能）到 𝐸2（高能）时，总光子通量（𝐹T）将由下式给出&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
𝐹&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = 3𝐾 (𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; − 𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) [in units of counts/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/s ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.2)估算在 1 keV、5 keV、40 keV 和 100 keV 时来自源的入射通量密度。同时估算在这些能量下，每个仪器在 200 秒的曝光时间内每单位带宽记录的总计数。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.3) 对于这个光源，计算 SXT CCD 的最大曝光时间 (𝑡S)，以避免过曝。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.4)如果光源变得亮了3500倍，计算LAXPC计数器1、计数器8以及整个能量范围总计数的每秒预期计数。如果观察时间更长，计数器会因为任何单个计数器或总计数而饱和吗？在总结答案表上勾选相应的选项。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.5)假设CZTI报告的由于电子随机波动引起的计数在所有能量水平上约为每像素每keV每秒0.00014计数。当信号噪声比(SNR)至少为3时，任何源都被认为是“检测到”的。上面这个源在CZTI中被检测到所需的最短曝光时间𝑡𝑐是多少？&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
注意，探测器中的“噪声”等于由随机波动引起的计数的平方根。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.6) 让我们考虑这样一种情况：源的计数通量显示出变化，使得因子𝐾增加了20%。AstroSat在亮度变化前观察了该源1秒，变化发生后又观察了1秒。计算SXT、LAXPC和CZTI在两次观测中测得的计数。哪台仪器最适合检测这一变化？在总结答案表中勾选相应的选项。&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:望远镜]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC12%E9%A2%98-Astrosat(Discarded)&amp;diff=2975</id>
		<title>2016年IOAA理论第12题-Astrosat(Discarded)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC12%E9%A2%98-Astrosat(Discarded)&amp;diff=2975"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T07:15:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
'''(T12) AstroSat'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India astronomy satellite, AstroSat, launched in September 2015, has five different instruments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:IOAA2016T12.jpg|无框|左]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this question, we will discuss three of these instruments (SXT, LAXPC, CZTI), which point in the&lt;br /&gt;
same direction and observe in X-ray wavelengths. The details of these instruments are given in the table&lt;br /&gt;
below.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+&lt;br /&gt;
!Instrument&lt;br /&gt;
!Band [keV]&lt;br /&gt;
!Collecting Area [m2 ]&lt;br /&gt;
!Effective Photon Detection Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;
!Saturation level [counts]&lt;br /&gt;
!No. of Pixels&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SXT&lt;br /&gt;
|0.3-80&lt;br /&gt;
|0.067&lt;br /&gt;
|60%&lt;br /&gt;
|1500(total)&lt;br /&gt;
|512x512&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|LAXPC&lt;br /&gt;
|3-80&lt;br /&gt;
|1.5&lt;br /&gt;
|40%&lt;br /&gt;
|50000 (in any one counter) or 200000 (total)&lt;br /&gt;
| ---&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|CZTI&lt;br /&gt;
|10-150&lt;br /&gt;
|0.09&lt;br /&gt;
|50% &lt;br /&gt;
| ---&lt;br /&gt;
|4 x 4096&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
You should note that LAXPC energy range is divided into 8 different energy band counters of equal&lt;br /&gt;
bandwidth with no overlap.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.1) Some X-ray sources like Cas A have a prominent emission line at 0.01825 nm corresponding&lt;br /&gt;
to a radioactive transition of &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;44&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;Ti . Suppose there exists a source which emits only one bright&lt;br /&gt;
emission line corresponding to this transition. What should be the minimum relative velocity&lt;br /&gt;
(𝑣) of the source, which will make the observed peak of this line to get registered in a different&lt;br /&gt;
energy band counter of LAXPC as compared to a source at rest?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These instruments were used to observe an X-ray source (assumed to be a point source), whose energy&lt;br /&gt;
spectrum followed the power law,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
𝐹(𝐸) = 𝐾𝐸&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;−2⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;  [in units of counts/keV/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/s ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
where 𝐸 is the energy in keV, 𝐾 is a constant and 𝐹(𝐸) is photon flux density at that energy. Photon flux&lt;br /&gt;
density, by definition, is given for per unit collecting area (m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
) per unit bandwidth (keV) and per unit time (seconds). From prior observations, we know that the source has a flux density of 10&lt;br /&gt;
counts/keV/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/s at 1 keV, when measured by a detector with 100% photon detection efficiency. The&lt;br /&gt;
“counts” here mean the number of photons reported by the detector.&lt;br /&gt;
As the source flux follows the power law given above, we know that for a given energy range from&lt;br /&gt;
𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(lower energy) to 𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(higher energy) the total photon flux (𝐹&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) will be given by&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
𝐹&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = 3𝐾 (𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; − 𝐸&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1⁄3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) [in units of counts/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/s ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.2) Estimate the incident flux density from the source at 1 keV, 5 keV, 40 keV and 100 keV. Also&lt;br /&gt;
estimate what will be the total count per unit bandwidth recorded by each of the instruments at&lt;br /&gt;
these energies for an exposure time of 200 seconds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.3) For this source, calculate the maximum exposure time (𝑡&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
), without suffering from saturation,&lt;br /&gt;
for the CCD of SXT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.4) If the source became 3500 times brighter, calculate the expected counts per second in LAXPC&lt;br /&gt;
counter 1, counter 8 as well as total counts across the entire energy range. If we observe for&lt;br /&gt;
longer period, will the counter saturate due to any individual counter or due to the total count?&lt;br /&gt;
Tick the appropriate box in the Summary Answersheet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.5) Assume that the counts reported by CZTI due to random fluctuations in electronics are about&lt;br /&gt;
0.00014 counts per pixel per keV per second at all energy levels. Any source is considered as&lt;br /&gt;
“detected” when the SNR (signal to noise ratio) is at least 3. What is minimum exposure time,&lt;br /&gt;
𝑡&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;𝑐&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
, needed for the source above to be detected in CZTI?&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the “noise” in a detector is equal to the square root of the counts due to random&lt;br /&gt;
fluctuations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T12.6) Let us consider the situation where the source shows variability in number flux, so that the&lt;br /&gt;
factor 𝐾 increases by 20%. AstroSat observed this source for 1 second before the change and&lt;br /&gt;
1 second after this change in brightness. Calculate the counts measured by SXT, LAXPC and&lt;br /&gt;
CZTI in both the observations. Which instrument is best suited to detect this change? Tick the&lt;br /&gt;
appropriate box in the Summary Answersheet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:望远镜]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC8%E9%A2%98-IOAA%E6%A0%87%E5%BF%97&amp;diff=2974</id>
		<title>2021年IOAA理论第8题-IOAA标志</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC8%E9%A2%98-IOAA%E6%A0%87%E5%BF%97&amp;diff=2974"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T05:54:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
The IOAA2021 logo is formed by the acronym IOAA, where the first letter is represented by the silhouette of the building of the National Astronomical Observatory (OAN) of Colombia, the oldest observatory in America. This observatory is located in Bogota, where it was founded in 1803. The capital city of Colombia is bordered by two famous hills, Monserrate and its neighbor Guadalupe, which are icons of Bogota’s cityscape that decorate the logo’s background.&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:1005143127.png|居中|缩略图|600x600像素]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:1005143226.png|居中|缩略图|600x600像素|Aerial view of Bogota City. Numbers show locations for the quoted places: 1 is for OAN; 2 is for Guadalupe; and 3 is for Monserrate.]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:1005143440.png|居中|缩略图|900x900像素]]&lt;br /&gt;
8.1 Estimate the distance (in km), between points 2 (Guadalupe) and 3 (Monserrate).(3.0pt)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8.2 Estimate the angular separation (in degrees) between Guadalupe (2) and Monserrate (3) as observed from the National Astronomical Observatory of Colombia (1).(6.0pt)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8.3 From the OAN, on September 21 at 8:00 p.m. the Moon was observed towards the eastern hills (between Monserrate and Guadalupe). The measured ecliptic coordinates (longitude and latitude) of the Moon are shown in the table. Determine the equatorial coordinates of the Moon at the time of observation.(6.0pt)&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:1005143630.png|居中|缩略图|500x500像素]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:1005143640.png|居中|缩略图|500x500像素]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[文件:1005143657.png|居中|缩略图|600x600像素]]&lt;br /&gt;
Note: Azimuth measured from North to East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
IOAA2021 的标志由缩写 IOAA 组成，其中第一个字母由哥伦比亚国家天文台（OAN）建筑的轮廓表示，这是美洲最古老的天文台，建于1803年。哥比亚首都的著名山丘装饰在标志的背景中——蒙塞拉特山（Monserrate）及其邻居瓜达卢佩山（Guadalupe），它们是波哥大城市景观的标志。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8.1 估计 点2（瓜达卢佩）和 点3（蒙塞拉特）之间的距离（km）。(3.0pt)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8.2 估算从哥伦比亚国家天文台（1）观察到的瓜达卢佩（2）和蒙塞拉特（3）之间的角距离（以度为单位）。(6.0pt)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8.3 根据哥伦比亚国家天文台（OAN）的观测，9月21日晚上8点，月亮在东边的山丘方向（蒙塞拉特和瓜达卢佩之间）。月亮的黄道坐标（黄经和黄纬）如表所示。请确定月亮在观测时的赤道坐标。(6.0分)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
注意：方位角从北到东度量&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==解答==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2015IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC6%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%85%89%E6%B7%B1&amp;diff=2973</id>
		<title>2015IOAA理论短问题第6题-大气光深</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2015IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9F%AD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%AC%AC6%E9%A2%98-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%85%89%E6%B7%B1&amp;diff=2973"/>
		<updated>2026-07-02T00:01:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
At the start of every observation, a radio telescope is pointed at a point-source calibrator that has a known flux density of 21.86 Jy outside the Earth’s atmosphere. However, on a certain date, the measured flux density of the calibrator source was 14.27 Jy. If the calibrator source was at an altitude of 35 degrees, estimate the zenith atmospheric optical depth, $$\tau_{z}$$.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
每次观测开始时，射电望远镜都会对准一个点源校准源；该校准源在地球大气层外的流量密度已知为 21.86 央斯基（Jy）。但在某一日，测得该校准源的流量密度仅为 14.27 央斯基。若该校准源的地平高度为 35°，试估算天顶方向大气光学深度，$$\tau_{z}$$&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC1%E9%A2%98-%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%AF&amp;diff=2972</id>
		<title>2016年IOAA理论第1题-判断正误</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4IOAA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%AC%AC1%E9%A2%98-%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%AF&amp;diff=2972"/>
		<updated>2026-07-01T23:56:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要解答}}&lt;br /&gt;
==英文题目==&lt;br /&gt;
'''(T1) True or False'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Determine if each of the following statements is True or False. In the Summary Answersheet, tick the&lt;br /&gt;
correct answer (TRUE / FALSE) for each statement. No justifications are necessary for this question.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.1) In a photograph of the clear sky on a Full Moon night with a sufficiently long exposure, the&lt;br /&gt;
colour of the sky would appear blue as in daytime.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.2) An astronomer at Bhubaneswar marks the position of the Sun on the sky at 05: 00 UT every day&lt;br /&gt;
of the year. If the Earth's axis were perpendicular to its orbital plane, these positions would trace&lt;br /&gt;
an arc of a great circle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.3) If the orbital period of a certain minor body around the Sun in the ecliptic plane is less than the&lt;br /&gt;
orbital period of Uranus, then its orbit must necessarily be fully inside the orbit of Uranus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.4) The centre of mass of the solar system is inside the Sun at all times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.5) A photon is moving in free space. As the Universe expands, its momentum decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==中文翻译==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''' (T1)判断正误 '''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
判断下列陈述的正误。在答案汇总表中勾选每个陈述的正确答案。这个问题不需要解释理由。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.1) 在曝光时间足够长的晴朗满月夜晚天空的照片中，天空的颜色会像白天一样是蓝色的。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.2) 布巴内什瓦尔的一位天文学家在一年中的每天的世界时05:00标记太阳在天空中的位置。如果地轴垂直于地球的轨道面，这些位置将构成大圆上的弧。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.3) 如果黄道面上某个小体绕太阳的轨道周期小于天王星的轨道周期，那么它的轨道必然完全在天王星轨道内。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.4) 太阳系的质量中心永远在太阳内部。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(T1.5) 一个光子在自由空间中运动。由于宇宙膨胀，其动量会减小。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==答案==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
T1.1 False&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
T1.2 True&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
T1.3 False&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
T1.4 False&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
T1.5 True&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=CNAO2026&amp;diff=2959</id>
		<title>CNAO2026</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=CNAO2026&amp;diff=2959"/>
		<updated>2026-06-12T07:52:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Astro Yuan：/* 获奖名单 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{需要编辑}}&lt;br /&gt;
2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛预赛于2026年3月28日举行，决赛将于2026年5月13日至17日在河南洛阳举行。&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==预赛==&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO预赛选择题]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2026年CNAO预赛选择题解析]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==决赛==&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO决赛常数表]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO决赛选择题]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==选拔赛==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO选拔赛第一题-星等]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO选拔赛第二题-行星光变曲线]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO选拔赛第三题-星震学]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO选拔赛第四题-洛希瓣]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[2026年CNAO选拔赛第五题-行星辐射平衡与冰雪正反馈]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==获奖名单==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |+一等奖&lt;br /&gt;
 ! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |低年组&lt;br /&gt;
 ! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; |高年组&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |袁思远(BR/BO)&lt;br /&gt;
 |武汉外国语学校&lt;br /&gt;
 |刘师存(BR)&lt;br /&gt;
 |苏州田家炳实验高级中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |杭明睿&lt;br /&gt;
 |北京汇文中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |黄浩岳&lt;br /&gt;
 |杭州市余杭高级中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |丁宇锐&lt;br /&gt;
 |杭州市十三中教育集团（总校）&lt;br /&gt;
 |袁张航&lt;br /&gt;
 |江苏省扬州中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |许家航&lt;br /&gt;
 |天津市滨海新区塘沽未来学校&lt;br /&gt;
 |张颢译&lt;br /&gt;
 |上海市金山中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |韩熙源&lt;br /&gt;
 |北京市第八中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |马可廷&lt;br /&gt;
 |广州市第二中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |陈致宣&lt;br /&gt;
 |宁波市镇海蛟川书院&lt;br /&gt;
 |周梓锐&lt;br /&gt;
 |华南师范大学附属中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |姚星辰&lt;br /&gt;
 |杭州市文海中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |杨子易&lt;br /&gt;
 |广东广雅中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |吴重骧&lt;br /&gt;
 |宁波外国语学校（浙江省八一学校）&lt;br /&gt;
 |邓楚越&lt;br /&gt;
 |绍兴市第一中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |张宏剑&lt;br /&gt;
 |厦门外国语学校瑞景分校&lt;br /&gt;
 |简文昊&lt;br /&gt;
 |中国人民大学附属中学朝阳学校&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |陈煜文&lt;br /&gt;
 |广东实验中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |雷源昊&lt;br /&gt;
 |深圳中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |陈东旭&lt;br /&gt;
 |宁波效实中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |沈昊林&lt;br /&gt;
 |上海交通大学附属中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |顾铭家&lt;br /&gt;
 |浙江省象山中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |-&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |&lt;br /&gt;
 |丁浩栋&lt;br /&gt;
 |慈溪中学&lt;br /&gt;
 |}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==相关链接==&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.bjp.org.cn/xwzx/gndt/4028c1369b6d12b5019b6d35ac92001e.shtml 2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛1号通知（预赛考点征集）]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.bjp.org.cn/xwzx/gndt/4028c1369cab05ed019cad4e3223003b.shtml 2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛2号通知（预赛报名通知）]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.bjp.org.cn/xwzx/gndt/4028c1369cab05ed019cad6373720040.shtml 2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛常见问题解答]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.bjp.org.cn/xwzx/gndt/4028c1369d029210019d04bf4ee40011.shtml 2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛预赛天津考点地点变更通知]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.bjp.org.cn/xwzx/gndt/4028c1369d4aab13019d4c1b6cc20007.shtml 2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛3号通知（预赛成绩查询）]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.bjp.org.cn/qgzxstwzsjs/asdt/4028c1369e3cb5f6019e3eded9bb000f.shtml 2025-2026学年全国中学生天文知识竞赛圆满结束]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[分类:按赛事索引]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_revId=zfmorfcayjdayo43&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_revId=zfmorfcayjdayo43&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-06-11T03:18:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已还原“膜袁专用楼”的一个&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&quot;&gt;话题&lt;/a&gt;（&lt;em&gt;已重启&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_revId=zfmor6x648n9crrn&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_revId=zfmor6x648n9crrn&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-06-11T03:18:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已将&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&quot;&gt;话题&lt;/a&gt;“膜袁专用楼”标记为已解决（&lt;em&gt;标记为已解决&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmn884kc8mremj7&amp;topic_revId=zfmo63vre8uy3clv&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmn884kc8mremj7&amp;topic_revId=zfmo63vre8uy3clv&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-06-11T03:08:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;已隐藏“.”的一个&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zfmn884kc8mremj7#flow-post-zfmn884kc8mremj7&quot;&gt;帖子&lt;/a&gt;（&lt;em&gt;hyw&lt;/em&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn&amp;topic_revId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn&amp;topic_revId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-06-11T02:59:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zfmnop5w6narj6vn#flow-post-zfmnop5w6narj6vn&quot;&gt;已评论&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&quot;的话题(&lt;em&gt;mol 小袁神&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmn884kc8mremj7&amp;topic_revId=zfmn884kc8mremj7&amp;action=single-view</id>
		<title>Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;topic_postId=zfmn884kc8mremj7&amp;topic_revId=zfmn884kc8mremj7&amp;action=single-view"/>
		<updated>2026-06-11T02:51:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-userlink&quot; title=&quot;用户:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;Astro Yuan&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks&quot;&gt;（&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA:Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-talk&quot; title=&quot;用户讨论:Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;讨论&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/Astro_Yuan&quot; class=&quot;mw-usertoollinks-contribs&quot; title=&quot;特殊:用户贡献/Astro Yuan&quot;&gt;贡献&lt;/a&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https://www.astro-init.top/index.php?title=Topic:Zfcnaxhvrc9j130z&amp;amp;topic_showPostId=zfmn884kc8mremj7#flow-post-zfmn884kc8mremj7&quot;&gt;已评论&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&quot;的话题(&lt;em&gt;hyw&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Astro Yuan</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>